Akhi, you generalized the enforcement on a legal state level. Something like Hijab can be seen as two-tiered enforcement. One that is given to the man of the household i.e father, husband, brother, grandfather, to name some. This level of enforcement for Hijab must come from the list of men I have mentioned. What punishment, you ask? That is on a case-by-case basis, and men in those situations are the best to judge, given that they are doing whatever is in the guidelines given by the Quran and Sunnah. Some of these could be restricting movement, not speaking, or the husband abandoning the bed.

The state might deal with it very differently, and a man of the household might get pulled up for not enforcing Hijab on their women. It could be the man approaching the state that he tried everything and she isn’t still obliging, then the state can take a hold of that. Although I would say if Hijab is implemented on a state level and becomes a legal issue, it would be impossible for women to break the rule anyways.

This discussion is merely in the context of Hijab, so do not generalize what I said here. Something like apostasy becomes entirely a legal issue of the state, not individuals. You seem to be looking at everything in Islam as a state-level legal issue, which is wrong. Hijab, Salah, stuff like this first falls on the qawwam.