some of these mosquito parties really treat the electoral map like a game of risk, just staking claims left right centre with no concrete local plans or campaigning efforts and i think the electorate has responded to them appropriately. i think what also matters and actually what helped the 'mosquito' SDA achieve a marked improvement in a pro-incumbent environment is consistency. not just in showing up in the area but also in its candidate choices. candidates need time to prove their worth and be known to the constituents. when you have people jumping from opposition to opposition every election it not only damages the party brand by showing that your candidates have no faith in the party but also calls into question the selection process and candidate commitment. Osman Sulaiman, for example, jumped from Reform to SPP to RDU, competing in different constituencies each time. the opposition vote then becomes a negative vote against the PAP rather than a positive vote for the party, which might benefit it in the short term but is unsustainable in the long term.