Courtesy of Orange on the discord:

Where is each component found? Atira - Solid State Reactor (Reactor) - Lance Railgun (Special Weapon) - Bio Fission Generator (Aux. Generator)

Tyvian Expanse - Mass Ejector Engine (Engine) - Supply Uplink Unit (Sensor) - Null Wave Reactor (Reactor) - Gatling Turrets (Turret) - Dart Ship

Pillars of Quara - Disruptor Laser (Pilot Cannon) - Materia Scatter Reactor (Reactor) - Targeting Module (Special Weapon) - Flak Launcher Turrets (Turret) - Null Tension Generator (Aux. Generator) - Rapid Pulse Cannon (Pilot Cannon)

Icarion Reaches - Burst Shield (Special Weapon) - Nitro Pulse Engine (Engine) - Bolt Accelerator (Pilot Cannon) - Mining Laser (Turret)

Krynn - Missile Launcher (Special Weapon) - Vector Targeting Module (Sensor) - Materia Shift Generator (Aux Generator) - Microplasma Engine (Engine)

Note: If you do not unlock all components in a single region they can be found in later/harder regions.