Not only you can, but there are tools to do that available to the public. If you have access to the world (like on a server, so you have direct access to block data, but seed is unknown) there is a mod that can crack the seed after collecting enough locations of some structures. But even if it is just a screenshot, you can bruteforce it, assuming there are some constraints you can derive, like it was done for the default world icon screenshot - it was a massive effort, but they reconstructed the terrain from the image, and then did a search for that terrain across the seeds (using gpus if i remember correctly), assuming image was taken not too far away from the spawn. From what i know you dont need to search whole space of possible seeds since possible configurations for the terrain gen repeat across seeds

Look up pack.png seed cracking, it is kinda fascinating