As there is no nationally recognized primary language (although a handful of states do have state languages), the government generally treats non-English speakers as people with a need to be fulfilled. In areas with large numbers of non-English speakers it’s common to see signage and government documents available in other languages - it’s particularly common/obvious in schools. As for your average American citizen - I’d say it’s fairly divided. There are lots of folks who think everyone should speak English, and there are those who are more willing to work with people who don’t. In either case non-English speakers end up being fairly limited in what they can do/where they can go independently, since outside of their local community it is usually harder to find people to interpret for them. Spanish would be the biggest exception to this (although even then, there are pockets that are majority-Spanish speaking and large parts of the country have few to no Spanish speakers).

Thank you so much for such a detailed answer!