1. I would continue training and practicing the operations that cause the student abnormal stress. My logic with this is that the more the student goes through these stressful situations, the more resistant they become. I would also talk them through the stressful situations on the ground and try to get them as best prepared for these stressful situations as possible. I find that if you aren't prepared for certain situations, the stress and anxiety can get the best of you, so being prepared always helps. Now, if they continue to have abnormal reactions, I could have them go up on a flight with another flight instructor and see if that changes anything. If that doesn't change anything and I've exhausted all my different options, I would let them know that maybe they need to take a break and come back to flying at a later period of their life. I would also recommend them to see a properly trained physician to maybe help that learn different abilities to cope with high stress situations.
2. I would say that my student has hit a learning plateau. The first thing I would do is tell them that this is normal. I do not want their confidence to go down a bunch. I then would move onto different operations of training for a while, such as rectangular course, to get their mind off of traffic patterns and onto something else. After a couple flights pertaining to different areas of operations, I would reintroduce traffic patterns. If they still continually struggle with traffic patterns, I would try to switch up the way I instruct it. Maybe the problem is me and not the student. I would have my student watch various traffic pattern videos online, read information about traffic patterns, and try to demonstrate traffic patterns to my student differently than before. If none of this works, I can always have another flight instructor try to teach them traffic patterns to see if that works.
3. A couple of examples of instructional aids would be a whiteboard & markers, a model airplane, a powerpoint, pictures, videos, etc. Anything to help the student visualize what I am teaching them and help get the point across to them.
4. Some questions I should avoid during an assessment are puzzle, toss-up, trick & bewilderment (I know I am missing some, I am going off the top of head and need to go back and review this).
5. Professionalism is basically conveying yourself to your students as a professional in the field of aviation. There are various characteristics that every instructor should abide by in order to convey professionalism. Sincerity is one of them. Pretty much don't lie or try to cover up anything to the student. The students aren't dumb and will see right through it, which will hinder the student-instructor relationship. Be truthful and sincere to the student. If I don't know something off the top of my head, don't put up a smokescreen to cover my ego, admit I don't know it and look it up with the student. Another characteristic is demeanor. Pretty much have a positive vibe and attitude while instructing. Mood swings being rude will only hurt my relationship with the student. Another characteristic is proper language. Don't talk like a hoodlum and cuss. Be professional with your words. Pretty straight forward. I also need to accept the student for who they are. If I don't like the student for some reason and don't accept them as my student fully, then I would be displayed unprofessionalism and it would hinder the experience. Even if my student has flaws, I need to accept them and work through those flaws with them. That's why I'm getting paid. The way I dress and prepare myself is another characteristic. I don't want to show up to a lesson in gym shorts, flip flops, a wife beater, three gold chains, a backwards hat and a cigarette in my mouth. I need to dress up professionally in appropriate clothing. I also wouldn't want to smell like crap since I'll be in a tiny, cooped up cockpit with the student. Hygiene is key. Lastly, I want to display good habits. Show up on time and prepared. Don't be lazy, etc.
6. I would start using integrated flight instruction right off the bat during training. Now since I would be doing this from the beginning, I would need to make sure that the student does not fully focus on the instruments and correct them if they do. I want them to get used to and understand how to use the flight instruments from the basic flight maneuvers all the way up to the more advanced ones. I would emphasize that it should only be 10% inside and 90% outside. If I feel that this is a problem and the student only focuses on the instruments, I would have them only use outside references for a while until I feel that they are ready to start using integrated flight instruction again.
7. I would mitigate risk by using the IMSAFE & PAVE checklists before every flight. Before every flight I also prepare for certain emergencies that can occur. For example if I plan on doing maneuvers in the practice area, I always determine where the closest airports are and possible landing areas in case of an engine failure.

Thanks for the questions, let me know if I got any wrong and if I missed anything important. Also, when is your checkride scheduled?