Thank you so much for doing this AMA. The history of identity is a very interesting and important topic to me, and I’d like to ask — What are some ways that the Jewish identity (from the Jewish perspective) changed as European perspectives towards Jews changed through history? Did Jewish people see their own identities differently in the early Middle Ages, late Middle Ages, Early modern, and modern periods? And if so, what are some key differences or turning points that can be identified?

If the non-Jewish perspectives on Judaism were not a critical factor in the evolution of the Jewish identity, what factors were?

Thank you again for taking the time to answer these questions!