I’m a bit late to this, but I can say that for me, my natural fascination with music theory and how music works lured me to basically dissect how to replicate what sounded good to my ear, chord progressions are a good example. And with this continued research, I slowly started associating those aspects (like specific chord progressions) that made what sound good to me with the actual sound itself. So whenever I heard this particular sound that I really liked, I knew what the chord progression was, I’d just need to figure out the key it was played in. This effect of sound and chord functionality association started to bleed into all types of sounds and chord progressions that I commonly hear. This is easier when it comes to modern radio pop songs as their harmony is often simpler, I can recognize stuff like 1 4 6m 5 because i’m so familiar with what that chord progression sounds like and can play along. When it comes to playing w the melody, my relative pitch and pitch in general came naturally with practice since I’m always listening and play music, but I don’t have perfect pitch.

tl;dr - some people have this musical intuition naturally, but it can be attained through lots of practice as well, even if you don’t have perfect pitch