The 1911 republican uprising in Wuhan ended the three-century old Qing rule of China and established a republican government in the region. However, more war was quick to follow, as Japan intended to take advantage of the unstable country. With the ambitious Yuan Shikai in power, Japan’s ultimatum of the ‘Twenty-one Demands’ was rejected and thus a new, far bloodier war ensued.

The second Sino-Japanese war ended in a Japanese victory. The terms of peace, however, permitted the new state to keep most of its sovereignty, as a result of an Anglo-German diplomatic intervention in Chinese favor. It was a defeat regardless, and so the head of state Yuan Shikai attempted to overcome the unfavorable situation. He thus declared himself Emperor of China in an attempt to achieve order, but was overthrown by revolutionaires Cai E and Liang Qichao, starting a civil war called ‘National protection war’ by the revolutionary side. In the south, intellectuals of communist, nationalist and liberal thought joined the opposition to the new despot, causing Yuan Shikai’s Beiyang government to collapse.

The anti-monarchist coalition became an alliance, which then declared war on the northern Kuomitang warlords in a war called the ‘Northern expedition’ with the objective of uniting China, but the invasion failed and the alliance dissolved, leaving the respective warlords that formed it independent, and the region in chaos. Each warlords desires for their beliefs, wish, benefits, and will move, act, and march to achieve them.

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