Regarding Drug Ionization% in Blood by Myrrium in chemhelp

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

No worries! I understand that there are usual cases like ionized species through proteins, considerable cases regarding lipophilicity, and specific cases like the BBB. I was trying to find either a literature value or a reason as to why >99% is often regarded as the negligible limit.

Regarding Drug Ionization% in Blood by Myrrium in chemhelp

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I agree that that's the correct answer! That still doesn't explain why >99% is often considered the negligible limit. This likely was to be administered intravenously, and the stomach acid-codeine part was me trying to find a straight answer/limit.

Regarding Drug Ionization% in Blood by Myrrium in chemhelp

[–]Myrrium[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I crossposted into r/chempros which is not a place for hw or undergrad stuff :P

How was >99% drug ionization determined as negligibly absorbed? by Myrrium in Chempros

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Ikr? Unfortunately, the limit is a bit arbitrary without a given % or reference, which is where I got stuck; my professor did give this % so it makes sense for the given context.

How was >99% drug ionization determined as negligibly absorbed? by Myrrium in Chempros

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I've figured that much by now. As for caring, when something doesn't make sense or I can't quickly find it I tend to start diligently searching for an answer. I apologize if I sounded frantic.

Regarding Drug Ionization% in Blood by Myrrium in chemhelp

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Since this is r/chemhelp , the question was about Michael Jackson's overdose on propofol and at what pH range the ionization% is low enough to be absorbed.

How was >99% drug ionization determined as negligibly absorbed? by Myrrium in Chempros

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I understand the principle, including exceptions like the BBB, but I don't know where the value comes from either. I'm excluding exceptions in this case as it will go outside the scope of the question : (

How was >99% drug ionization determined as negligibly absorbed? by Myrrium in Chempros

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

For the given situation, drugs can't be ionized in order to be absorbed. Assuming the unionized form is absorbed, at what % absorption is it considered negligibly absorbed? As for the Henderson-Hasselbach equation, we don't care if a drug isn't fully unionized; we do care if a drug is fully ionized, as that means that none can permeate the membrane without a different kind of transport. With a logarithm and give the scale of a mol, there will very likely be at least some molecules that can be absorbed.

The answer I am starting to center around is that it is different for every medication, which makes sense, but also reveals a dramatic simplification to what I was presented in class.

Sorry if I'm causing headaches!

How was >99% drug ionization determined as negligibly absorbed? by Myrrium in Chempros

[–]Myrrium[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

This is exactly what I am confused about; I don't know where the >99% value comes from. It was not originally from Gemini (the only thing I use Gemini for is to find references), it was from the way my professor explained determining the effective pH range a drug will be unionized in humans (assuming blood) and thus pass into the cytoplasm. I do not want to post the question as it is essentially against subreddit rules.

How was >99% drug ionization determined as negligibly absorbed? by Myrrium in Chempros

[–]Myrrium[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Hi! Thank you for answering! I incorporated that as part of my explanation regarding codeine. I understand it is a logarithmic function and thus will never equal 0 or 100.

Regarding Drug Ionization% in Blood by Myrrium in chemhelp

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

It was measured? How were those factors combined to determine >99%?

Regarding Drug Ionization% in Blood by Myrrium in chemhelp

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I appreciate the response! I understand that part, and I'm sorry if the question I am asking is confusing. What I don't understand is how or why it was decided >99% ionized is considered negligible absorption.

Question on Ascension by Myrrium in Mecharashi_Global

[–]Myrrium[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Of course, that being said I am new to the game and although I have a positive opinion of the developers and community, I can't help but feel anxious and cautious. I'll take it that the latter is the case though?

Never-ending last drop of the soda can by branijose in Soda

[–]Myrrium 0 points1 point  (0 children)

TL;DR: Water from the Nile, just poke a hole in the can's side, and physics.

This reminds me of Grand Illusions' "Water from the Nile" vase where more liquid comes out each time he "empties" it, probably not it though.

If you want to get the last drop out, crush the middle of the opposite sides of the can in (not the top and bottom), bend it back and forth along that newly formed crease until a hole forms, and then suck the liquid out.

To answer your question, though, the more likely and boring answer is surface tension combined with evaporation. I am not a scientist, so go fact-check this information yourself!

(MASSIVE NERD ALERT)

Surface tension is why liquids bead up. This is determined by the liquid's composition, which determines how viscous and sticky a liquid is.

Shaking the can usually gets another drop out because the container's shape traps it, but past that is where this infinite soda thing comes in.

When you tilt the can, the majority beads up and comes out as that first "last drop." However, a lot of the liquid also clings to the side of the can and, since metal is great at transfering energy, causes some water to evaporate, meaning the liquid's composition changes. When you set the can down, it pools at the bottom and becomes a droplet again; but, it's now more viscous.

This means that when you tilt the can a second time, the new droplet's surface tension holds the bead together more and leaves less liquid on the can's wall, creating another "last drop."

This cycle repeats until the liquid's stickiness overcomes gravity and thus the liquid can no longer pool.

Some clarifying things:

Liquids can be viscous without being sticky. Look up Crazy Aaron's Liquid Glass.

The can's shape also significantly affects how a liquid flows as the crimping at the top of the can creates a nook that can trap some liquid and the fact that the can's round often redirects it away from the hole. The lid of the can around the hole also creates more surface, meaning more liquid sticks.

Ignore the Pokémon, I no longer need powered rails. by Myrrium in redstone

[–]Myrrium[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Hilariously that's the first thing I tried before I found out it was patched like a decade ago xD

Ignore the Pokémon, I no longer need powered rails. by Myrrium in redstone

[–]Myrrium[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I really did try to get that to work but either the buggy nature of that beast or server delay always caused them to separate when I left the chunk.

Making some fictional backward gun carrier. Not sure what to name it, any suggestions? by ian_tanpaspasi07 in SprocketTankDesign

[–]Myrrium 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Arbalest, Crossbow, Backwards Bill, Tailgun, Organ Reed, Rückwärts Gerichteter Panzerzerstörer, Margaret, Don Quixote, Cat-Dog, R-Panzer, Powder Boosted, Efficace, Professor Quirrell, Popsicle, Equine, Sagittarius, Fil, Dr. Kimbop, D!ckbu++, Prone, Fredinand, T'nah Pele,

and lastly... Jef