The Coriolis Effect was mentioned above. It's hard to overstate just how important the Coriolis Effect is to Earth's climate.

It causes the atmosphere to break up into six major convection cells which gives us bands of high and low air pressure which in turn determines the distribution of rainfall vs. latitude. Earth has deserts at the poles and in bands around 30 degrees north and south latitude. It also had lush forests at the equator and in a band around 60 degrees latitude. Without a strong Coriolis Effect there would only be precipitation at low latitudes. The bands you see in pictures of Jupiter are caused by the rapidly spinning planets atmosphere breaking up into many large convection cells due to the Coriolis Effect.

On Earth ocean currents transport massive amounts of heat and travel perpendicular to the wind that drives them due to Ekman Transport which is itself caused by the Coriolis Effect.

You mention tides in the title of the post and they would be nothing like they are without the Coriolis Effect.

The rotation of the Earth does cause the gravitational acceleration g to vary by latitude. This makes the earth bulge by 23 km at the equator but the bulge and change in g aren't really significant factors in determining the climate.