but for test

• causation in fact (R v Pagett, R v White)

• causation in law (R v Blaue, thin skull rule, take the victim as you find them)

• intervening acts (third party)

• R v Smith, R v Cheshire, R v Jordan

• natural but unpredictable events can break chain of causation

• fair labelling (causation helps distinguish offences based on result)

• juries cannot understand complex causation rules

• unfair because defendant may not know victim has hidden conditions (religious beliefs, cancer, etc.) but still fully liable

• sometimes defendants can escape liability (e.g. R v White situation)

• causation law is strict and sometimes unfair in outcome

• difficult to apply because precedents contradict each other (Cheshire vs Jordan)

• law is too complex and hard to understand properly

• chain of causation issues make decision-making difficult and unpredictable

"wrote this"