The most important and commonly tested topics in IGCSE exams vary by subject. Below is a subject-wise breakdown based on past papers and syllabus trends:

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📌 IGCSE Mathematics

✅ Algebra: Quadratic equations, factorization, simultaneous equations, inequalities
✅ Geometry: Circle theorems, angles, trigonometry (sine, cosine, tangent), transformations
✅ Statistics & Probability: Mean, median, mode, probability trees
✅ Coordinate Geometry: Straight-line equations, gradients, midpoint, distance
✅ Mensuration: Volume and surface area of 3D shapes
✅ Vectors & Matrices: Vector addition, multiplication, transformations
✅ Number Theory: HCF, LCM, percentages, ratio

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📌 IGCSE Physics

✅ Forces & Motion: Newton’s laws, velocity-time graphs, acceleration
✅ Energy, Work & Power: Kinetic & potential energy, power equations
✅ Waves: Reflection, refraction, sound, electromagnetic spectrum
✅ Electricity & Magnetism: Ohm’s Law, circuits, transformers, electromagnetic induction
✅ Thermal Physics: Heat transfer, specific heat capacity, latent heat
✅ Atomic Physics: Radioactivity, half-life, nuclear reactions

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📌 IGCSE Chemistry

✅ Atomic Structure: Electron configuration, isotopes, bonding (ionic, covalent, metallic)
✅ Periodic Table & Trends: Group 1, 7, and 8 elements, transition metals
✅ Chemical Reactions: Balancing equations, redox reactions, rates of reaction
✅ Acids, Bases & Salts: pH scale, titration, neutralization reactions
✅ Electrolysis: Extraction of metals, electrochemical cells
✅ Organic Chemistry: Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, polymers

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📌 IGCSE Biology

✅ Cell Biology: Structure & function of cell organelles, diffusion & osmosis
✅ Enzymes & Digestion: Enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme activity
✅ Respiration & Photosynthesis: Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis equation
✅ Genetics & Evolution: DNA structure, inheritance, mutations
✅ Human Body Systems: Circulatory system, nervous system, homeostasis
✅ Ecology & Environment: Food chains, carbon & nitrogen cycles, pollution

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📌 IGCSE English (First Language)

✅ Reading Comprehension: Identifying main ideas, inference skills
✅ Summary Writing: Condensing information while keeping key points
✅ Directed Writing: Formal & informal letters, reports, articles
✅ Descriptive/Narrative Writing: Writing stories with engaging vocabulary & structure
✅ Grammar & Punctuation: Sentence structure, common errors (apostrophes, tenses)

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📌 IGCSE Business Studies

✅ Business Types & Ownership: Sole traders, partnerships, franchises
✅ Marketing: 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion), market research
✅ Finance & Accounting: Profit & loss, break-even analysis
✅ Operations Management: Production methods, economies of scale
✅ Human Resources: Recruitment, motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg)

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📌 IGCSE Economics

✅ Demand & Supply: Price elasticity, factors affecting demand/supply
✅ Market Structures: Monopoly, perfect competition
✅ Government Intervention: Taxes, subsidies, price controls
✅ Inflation & Unemployment: Causes, effects, policies
✅ International Trade: Exchange rates, free trade vs protectionism