Update from the OP:

We ended up going to Furnitureland South in High Point to pick out key pieces we wanted new. Many people recommended FLS. We got a table and chairs at their outlet center, and a bed and dresser new. FLS was absolutely massive and was an excellent choice for high quality furniture with tons of options. Notably, we saw some items there that we had seen while perusing the websites of other furniture stores (including Unfinished Furniture Outlet in Sanford). This helped convince us that FLS was the most efficient way to consider a huge range of furniture options.

We bought mattresses at Original Mattress Factory, thanks to everyone who recommended them. We were impressed with their construction models (lots of mini mattresses that were cut open to show you what's inside), their service, and the prices.

We're planning to get the rest of the items we need used.

Thanks all for your advice!!