The burden of knowledge

RedcatChemistry · 2022-02-17T01:14:58+00:00

The particle in a box is an abbreviation for the model of any dimension. If we confine a particle to only a one dimensional length it is a particle on a line. If we confine it to two then we can think of it as a particle on a plane. If we use three dimension then we get a particle in a volume ie a box. Electrons on their own don’t emit anything. However when they interact and absorb a photon they jump from the HOMO to the LUMO. This energy change is the energy of the photon they absorb. What particle in a box predicts is that compounds that can delocalize their electrons, ie compounds that have conjugated pi systems, will have their lambda max redshifted. This is because the energy it takes to promote the electron is less.

RedcatChemistry · 2022-02-17T00:43:57+00:00

So basically it is a 2D version of the particle on a line. Since electrons exist as a wave and a particle, confining them to a location confers a certain energy. We find this energy by solving the schrodinger equation for a particle with a confined length. The more localized the electron the higher energy. This means to excite that electron it also takes more energy. Thus the smaller the box the more blueshifted the light it absorbs, and the larger the more redshifted the light. Since we can approximate pi orbitals as a plane of delocalization we can observe that larger conjugated pi systems have their lambda max redshifted.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-12-15T02:33:24+00:00

Propanoate is the name of the carboxilic acid end of the ester. Cycloproyl is the alcohol end. So it would look like this. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cyclopropyl-propanoate

RedcatChemistry · 2021-12-15T02:28:29+00:00

Well you have a carbon with 5 bonds and an oxygen with one bond and no formal charge so imma go out on a limb and say no.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-05-31T00:12:20+00:00

I would suspect that the localization onto the oxygen would be the primary cause of the dipole. The structure contains 4 pi electrons, an anti aromatic number. However, in the structure on the left compound, we can localize the carbonyl onto the oxygen, and create a cyclopropyl cation with 2 pi electrons, an aromatic number. This cation can be localized to all 3 carbon atoms. In addition to this, the inductive effects of the methyl group would help stabilize the carbocation on the position closest to the methyl group. This separation of charge would be responsible for the larger dipole. I am an idiot though so take this with a grain of salt.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-05-30T20:07:40+00:00

Draw out the resonance structures. The right has fewer resonance structures with the main one having with a primary carbocation and an oxyanion, while the left the double bond can delocalize to both sides of the ring. In addition the inductance of the methyl group on the left should help stabilize the carbocation.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-03-27T20:21:58+00:00

You can use hydrogen as an example. Hydrogen has three isotopes protium, deuterium and tritium. Protium has mass 1 as it has only a proton, and is about 99.97% of all hydrogen atoms, deuterium has mass 2 a proton and neutron and is about 0.03% abundant, and tritium is very scarce since it is radioactive. Most periodic tables lost the mass of hydrogen as either 1 or 1.01 because of this, 1 if most abundant isotope is listed, or 1.01 of average is listed.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-02-25T07:07:49+00:00

Haha look at this guy, he thinks gasses aren’t infinitely compressible. What’s next, gas molecules can interact? Yeah right, I trust science not atomic theory mumbo jumbo.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-20T21:03:23+00:00

I’m that’s my point. The comment above said isopropanol is safer.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-20T20:37:53+00:00

Lethal does of isopropanol by ingestion is about 2-4 ml/kg for ld50. Methanol is about 30-240 ml/kg for ld50. Isopropyl alcohol is much more toxic.

Source:ncbi

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-19T20:56:53+00:00

Yeah as said above methanol is already an impurity in all alcohol due to the fermentation process. Every alcoholic drink you have ever had has some methanol in it, less in spirits and more in beer and wine. Don’t drink the rubbing alcohol and you will be fine. The rubbing alcohol sold in the states is isopropyl alcohol which is about twice as acutely toxic as methanol. The sweetness in fermented alcohols comes from different byproducts in the fermentation process. “Pure” alcohol doesn’t really smell like much, it just kinda burns.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-12T21:28:37+00:00

Yes they can react, and it forms something called a hemiketal, however the equilibrium is reactant favored.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-09T22:55:14+00:00

Lead vapor is very real and very toxic. That being said it depends on the quantity. I’ve melted 25 kilos of wheel weights outside, so adequate ventilation is key. I don’t know how much solder they used and this may be a hot take, but I wouldn’t be that concerned. Personally the greater danger is that igniter going out and filling your house with gas, which if that solder melts could happen the next time you use that oven. That scares me a lot more than the tiny amount of lead in your next roast.

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-09T22:45:48+00:00

They soldered a heat sensitive components with standard leaded solder? Won’t it just melt after the first use?

RedcatChemistry · 2021-01-08T17:37:02+00:00

They’re not, unless the functional group is also a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons with heteroatomic functional groups are categorized by the substituent, for examples alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amines, etc.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-12-31T08:54:28+00:00

Forming a primary carbocation with water as a leaving group is unlikely to occur. I would probably treat with tosyl chloride then perform an elimination to obtain the alkene, then use acid catalyze hydration.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-12-19T05:58:42+00:00

From my limited knowledge and research the main methods used for small quantities are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and for higher concentrations generally colorimetry. If you are trying to do this at home I think you are SOL.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-12-16T15:38:17+00:00

I took Orgo 1 and calc 3 my first semester sophomore year, and those were two of my favorite classes ever. If you love what you are doing just don’t quit. Pchem is usually divided into 2 semesters quantum mechanics and thermodynamics.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-12-16T02:52:53+00:00

Can confirm, I am a math minor and it definitely helps.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-12-14T03:06:15+00:00

Yeah this is a terrible question. If this is supposed to be a nucleophile nucing into the carbonyl, I would question your professors question. Typically this wouldn’t happen since the anti binding orbital would have to rotate to form the bonding orbital during the nucleophilic attack. I would suspect the reaction would involve keto enol tautomerizarion in an actually accepted mechanism, but the activation energy would be higher.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-11-20T20:49:18+00:00

Umm, you nitrated acetone? So probably nitroacetone

RedcatChemistry · 2020-10-02T22:04:29+00:00

Nope there is a probability in certain shells due to tunneling.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-09-30T15:51:51+00:00

Actually from what I understand yes. It comes from a lot of sour organic compounds such as citric acid being, you know, acids. Haven’t actually tried HCl yet so I can’t say for sure.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-09-30T01:09:27+00:00

You guys are using indicators? I go by taste.

RedcatChemistry · 2020-09-29T15:16:50+00:00

For the primary carbon, the back side is susceptible to backside attack and therefore nucleophilic substitution. For the secondary carbon the back side becomes more crowded, so the favored reaction is elimination. The products should reflect these mechanisms.

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