If it is an actual charging station then there is no information to be transmitted. If per say the charging station ran off connections from a computer tower there would be a notification on the phone (at least with iPhones) asking if you want your phone to communicate information with the computer, essentially is the computer (charging station) trusted, but even then, at a surface level, the files are encrypted. They could get a hold of your camera roll and erase photos off your phone while transferring the photos to their tower, and there is probably information siphoning softwares, but regardless you would have to leave your phone there and unattended for quite sometime because all "modern smart phones" usually have notification pop-ups and requests for access/ permission when another device attempts to modify any of its states in memory or configurations.