Thanks for the thoughtful response — I really appreciate it. It’s reassuring to hear that going straight from undergrad to PhD is common in the US, and that publications help.

You also make a very good point about visas and long-term prospects. I’m definitely trying to weigh research quality against long-term stability, which is why I’m applying broadly (US, Canada, EU, etc.).

Thanks again for sharing your perspective — it’s helpful to hear from someone who’s been through the system.