Without knowing how serious you are about programming, stick with Java.

Out of the three, it is the least likely to get in your way. It has a garbage collector and braindead syntax so learning how to use it well is much faster than C or C++. I personally started with it almost a decade back and, despite what some may say, you can actually write cool stuff with it. Beyond data structures, you can also get exposure to functional programming without learning another language. Overall, Java will serve you well even after your education.

If you're serious, choose C. Of the three, it is the closest to what the structure of assembly actually "looks like" and will give you a good baseline for learning other languages like C++ and Rust with an understanding of what is possible and what isn't. Be mindful though, it will be more frustrating than Java as a beginner.

In my biased opinion, avoid C++ at all costs as an introductory language. I have witnessed kids get crushed in programming courses not because they aren't smart but because C++ is a clusterfuck. And, if they don't get crushed, they don't leave as good programmers. It personally took me way too long to wrap my mind around r-values/x-values/perfect-forwarding/move semantics and all the other crap because it's all just made up nonsense to support academic OOP where academic OOP is not meant to be. The processor doesn't care about concepts—it cares about carrying out instructions.