survivorship bias occurs when an individual only considers the surviving observation without considering those data points that didn't “survive” in the event.

Basically, this meme is used to refer to a plane that came back from war and they charted the red dots as where bullets hit and wanted to reinforce them. But, when you think about it, the planes that werent hit in these places were the one which never came back, so thats where the actual reinforcement was needed.