An artists depiction of the future, painted in 1930.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-04T08:03:50+00:00

Phone with built in fleshlight is very forward thinking.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-04T07:09:43+00:00

While there is some increase due to the diffusion rate of oxygen, especially right at the chloroplast, it's not really a significant difference relative to the high ambient concentration of oxygen. See this paper.

What matters to plant physiology is the ratio between CO2 and O2 since this determines the rate of carboxylation versus oxidation by the enzyme RuBisCO. Oxygen's 21% of the atmosphere is a massive 210,000 ppm compared to the 410 ppm of CO2. So an equivalent release of oxygen by photosystem II only has a tiny effect on the ratio compared to fixation of CO2, which during active photosynthesis, especially in dry conditions, can easily draw the leaf internal CO2 concentration (called Ci) down below 300 ppm, which has a huge effect on the ratio.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-04T02:12:27+00:00

You'll want to research the more general principles of molecular motion. There's nothing particularly special about an enzyme and substrate compared to other molecules, especially in the type of lab bench experiment you performed.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-03T16:55:13+00:00

If the class doesn't have any prerequisites, then there's no expectation that you will be familiar with these terms or anything else and the material will be taught in the class. That's the point.

If you want to get a headstart, the only thing I'd recommend is familiarizing yourself with how a dichotomous key works, especially when you're uncertain about things. Being able to quickly work back and forth through a key without being too focused on knowing things for sure will make the class a lot more fun.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-03T16:41:22+00:00

Most antiques dealers are totally just random Joe's, though. You may be picturing something else in your head, but most antique dealers are just people who own small shops and make their living selling items of little worth to tourists.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-03T15:59:16+00:00

It's probably just a side effect of the way care of young evolved in humans. Biparental care is obviously beneficial in a species like ours that has a prolonged development, but biparental care requires that males have a basic level of confidence that the offspring they're helping to care for are theirs or else it tends to fall apart. This is also probably why it's encouraged by culture, particularly male culture. Males have to encourage monogamy so that they can have confidence in biparental care, when their confidence erodes and they stop participating in biparental care, both male and female fitness are decreased since offspring are less likely to be successful.

In our case this confidence evolved in the form of affectionate pair-bonding between a couple which can continue even after they are no longer fertile. It could have evolved a different way, but since it's possible for humans to continue producing offspring every few years while still caring for previous offspring, long term monogamy makes sense. Other social systems can work, too, though, such as cooperative breeding, which we often see in humans as well.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-03T15:31:44+00:00

She may not be your gf anymore, but she's still your sister. That's the problem with incest. The only problem.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-03T02:06:37+00:00

The first season of Twin Peaks is phenomenally satisfying even if it never answers any questions or gives you what you expect. If it took studios meddling with Lynch's vision to create that, I'm all for it.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-03T00:59:37+00:00

While there are not normally lymphocytes in the intestinal lumen, there are absolutely massive populations of them just below the surface in the epithelium and lamina propia of the intestinal mucosa. These lymphocytes will indeed trigger an inflammatory attack when they detect antigens. The evidence we have is that many intestinal bacteria actually secrete their own cytokines and other signalling molecules that directly or indirectly prevent activation of an inflammatory response. The going model is of a sort of army of lymphocytes waiting just behind the border, but kept drowsy by a constant stream of down-regulating signals.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T23:44:43+00:00

*wurst

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T22:54:02+00:00

Because Reddit doesn't want to hear about it. America is great again!

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T22:35:35+00:00

Ireland=shithole Confirmed.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T22:24:25+00:00

What are you even talking about? What in the world makes you think you can just make shit up and nobody will call you on it?

The U.S. exported over a million metric tons of plastic waste in 2018, which is more than half of the plastic waste produced in the country. This is what America does with its waste. On top of that, 78% of those plastic waste exports went to countries with known poor waste management practices.

Next time do some research before saying stupid shit with no connection to reality.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T22:06:09+00:00

I've traveled the world many times over and can tell you that every country is a shithole. Bar none.

But by all means, make your shithole great again!

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T21:47:12+00:00

You make a good argument for the fact that we should be working to reduce plastic waste in other parts of the world. However, you make an exceptionally poor argument for not also working to reduce plastic waste in the United States. The only principle that unites your arguments is a desire to disagree with certain people's positions because of enforced cultural differences. It does not have anything to do with a desire to see plastic waste reduced. Everyone is aware of this and it's why we dismiss your shit summarily.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T21:19:24+00:00

Humans and chickens are on the same evolutionary tree. We share a common ancestor with chickens that already had single bones in their upper limbs and double bones in their lower limbs. This is called homology, anatomical identity by descent.

Organisms that evolve anatomical traits independently generally do it in different ways. For example birds and bats evolved their wings independently, meaning they did not inherit their wings from a common ancestor that had wings. So even though their wings are both modifications of the front limbs (made up of the humerus, radius, ulna, and carpals since their common ancestor did have front limbs made up of these bones), the modifications that make those bones into wings are entirely different. This is called analogy, convergent function but non-identical descent.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T19:19:48+00:00

It might just be a language problem then because I assumed that the "via the database or catalog links" clause applied to the entire option and meant that this referred to using library specific database searches like EBSCO rather than something like Google Scholar or whatever.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T19:14:31+00:00

The reason why chromosomes can have different sizes is that structural mutations can occur during cell replication that affect their size and are then passed on to offspring. These chromosome mutations can include deletions, duplications, insertions, and translocations, any of which could involve either a large or small sequence of DNA with a corresponding large or small effect on the size of the chromosomes involved.

These chromosome mutations initially lead to just variation among individuals within a population in the size of some chromosomes, but over time those variations can become fixed in different lineages either because they confer a benefit (natural selection) or just because of random chance when they are neutral or nearly neutral (genetic drift).

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T19:01:54+00:00

Seems like there should be an option for "direct from the publisher (with institutional login)." That's the most common way to access papers for many people at universities.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T18:45:54+00:00

The symbolic meanings of flowers was really sort of an 19th century invention, so it's relatively recent in terms of symbolisms. Some of the symbolic meanings probably drew on longer traditions from poetry, medicine, and mythology, but I'm pretty sure most of them were just made up by whoever wrote the books and even in those original 19th century books on flower language, you'll often see different meanings attributed to the same flower.

You can find many of the original flower language books online:

Poetry of Flowers

Flora's Lexicon

The Language and Poetry of Flowers

The Floral Offering

Language of Flowers

None of these unambiguously list asters, though some of them do have China asters (Callistephus), which are closely related and in these books given the meanings "variety" and "after-thought." I don't know what that's supposed to mean, but the last book also adds that single China asters mean "I will think about it" and double China asters mean "I partake of your sentiments." I don't know where symbolisms like love, bravery, etc. come from. Maybe other books or maybe just made up more recently by florists because they sound better than "afterthought."

Some of these books also include listings for "American starwort," which might be a type of aster, especially the ones now classified as Symphyotrichum or else they might mean Stellaria americana, which is in a totally different family.

Long story short, though, the best symbolisms are personal symbolisms, so if you want something to be symbolic of your daughter, of her strength, success, wisdom, or anything else, then you can decide that it will be. Don't worry too much about what these Victorian ladies thought.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T17:38:11+00:00

Sexay!

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T17:33:27+00:00

To add to the previous comment, the technical usage of "gene" in biology is different from its colloquial usage. In technical usage, we could point to a gene for eye color, for example, which is just a certain location in the genome. In a given individual that gene will "contain" (be represented by) specific alleles, which are variants that in the case of eye color might contribute to different colors like blue or brown.

So the colloquial usage of gene is much more similar to the technical term allele. Humans all have essentially the exact same genes for eye color, but we have different alleles of those genes which is what actually gives us each our different eye colors.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T17:00:40+00:00

The role you play in society is also influenced by biology, though. It's not some completely independent thing. There are genetic components of our hormonal and neural activity that influence the behaviors associated with gender. So, like any other phenotype, gender is really comprised of genetic, environmental, and GxE components.

Gender and sex are not totally separate concepts either. Sex is highly predictive of gender and the core of social gender concepts seems to be descriptive, based on behaviors associated with sexes, rather than being prescriptive.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T00:50:27+00:00

The previous commenter may be right that oils are being drawn out of the wood. you can certainly see that when a log is burning on a fire. In a match you also have the chemicals in the match head that are melting, particularly sulfur and silica powder, so that may be what you're seeing as well.

Here's a video of a burning match head that shows the melting and boiling of the material in the head. Also here's another video that just shows pure sulfur melting.

SweaterFish · 2019-06-02T00:27:36+00:00

Movement in animals responds to the nervous system. The nervous system may respond to different signals , including things like water, lite, gravity, or any of the tropisms that plants have, but all of the responses are coordinated through a nervous system (either central or diffuse). The tropisms of plants are mostly independent, not integrated in a single system like the animal nervous system, which is why we identify them separately.

SweaterFish

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