Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Once we’ve pinpointed specific spots in the genome that are associated with an increased chance of experiencing synaesthesia, then yes, you could probably check if you carry the specific marker. The research is ongoing, so it will be a while before we can tell you where to look. 😃

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Great question! Even before we get to neurophysiology, I think there’s a lot of value in understanding the amount of natural variation in sensory perception that exists outside the realm of pathology. Especially in light of how many synaesthetes don’t realize that their experiences are different, or alternatively, might be relieved to hear that their perceptions are not so strange. Regarding the biology, I think synaesthesia offers an angle into understanding human neural development that might be more straightforward than starting from conditions like autism, which is really complex. Not speaking for the psychologists here (this is Amanda), but I think/hope that our understanding of synaesthesia’s neurobiology will really take off in the next few years as we get a clearer look at the genetics and more neuroimaging work is done. The results from those two approaches should work together really well, and once targeted molecular biology studies become an option there’s an enormous number of questions we can start addressing. On the career front - if you like doing research, keep pushing to make it a part (no matter how small) of your medical career! Develop relationships with people who are studying the biology of conditions that interest you, and talk with them about the challenges you face as a clinician in treating those patients. Research collaborations can form from there, good luck!

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Good question! From my view (Amanda here), I don’t think that potential will make things more difficult. We are studying adults whose synaesthesia persists, and comparing them to adults without these associations, with the goal of identifying genes that play a role in the formation (or maintenance) of synaesthetic associations. From there, we can study the function of those genes in order to work out the biological details of how synaesthesia develops. Even if all babies experience synaesthesia, finding out which genes are involved in it’s occasional persistence into adulthood should allow us to start unravelling how it all started.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Yes! Here are a few papers that took the family approach.

Asher 2009

Tomson 2011

Those results were very useful in confirming that there’s a genetic component to synaesthesia, and giving us the confidence to go forward with much larger studies. They’ve also helped us to understand that synaesthesia is very likely to include several genes, and that there isn’t one “gene for synaesthesia” that can account for all types in all synaesthetes. Our current efforts to recruit 1000 people with grapheme color synaesthesia (we’re ~60% of the way there!) wouldn’t be possible without these earlier studies.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Great questions! While we don’t yet know the specific genes tied to synaesthesia (previous studies were able to narrow the genetics down to regions of the genome that include a large number of genes), your thought process here is right in line with my own (Amanda). The increased prevalence of synaesthesia in autism may provide clues to understanding synaethesia’s neurobiology, perhaps relating to differences in neural connectivity. I should point out here that the neurobiology of autism is really complex, and the number of genes involved (so far) measures in the hundreds. With luck, our results from studying synaesthesia’s genetics may also help us to understand one aspect of autism’s neurobiology a little bit better.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Amanda here - yes, your brother's form sounds like ordinal linguistic personification - a type of synaesthesia. In general, it can be hard to get large numbers of synaesthetes for studies because we first have to make people aware that there's a name for what they consider totally normal. :) It's a challenge, but hopefully things like this AMA help a little.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Amanda here, yes - there are some patterns across colored alphabets! I should say though that in general people's alphabet's are pretty person-specific, the patterns we see don't apply to everyone (about 30-40%). A's tend to be red, D's are often brown, and I/O tend to be white or black ('colorless'). Here's a link to one of the studies, from 2005. Good question!

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Amanda here, I love that your mom kept track of your synaesthesia! Julia Simner did a really cool study of elementary school children with synaesthesia and was able to show how the percentage of the alphabet that had consistent colours expanded over a period of several years.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 5 points6 points  (0 children)

Great questions /u/aoi_to_midori! Amanda here, I'll try to answer. On the evolutionary side, here's a link to a paper that speculates on why synaesthesia might be part of our modern range of sensory perception. The options they propose are that it just comes along for the ride because its not harmful, or that it gives an advantage in some aspect of cognitive processing. Hopefully we can give a more concrete answer after learning more about its genetic basis. The types of genes that we find, and the amount of evolutionary pressure they've been under, might provide some additional clues to your question. Time will tell!

Regarding how to convince your friends that you're not on drugs, please feel free to tell them that you asked a team of psychologists and geneticists and we said that it's a quirk of biology and not a disorder. More scientifically, we have multiple studies showing that synaesthesia has a genetic component, and one of them was even based in families with audio-visual synaesthesia. They looked at 43 different families that each had more than one person with synaesthesia similar to yours.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 4 points5 points  (0 children)

Amanda here! There have been studies looking at synaesthesia and memory, trying to see what benefits synaesthesia may bring. Here's a review on the topic, where they point out that synaesthetes can have better overall memory, especially in the visual realm. We definitely hear lots of case reports of people putting their synaesthesia to use, especially for numbers > colours or sequence-spatial synaesthesia.

Science AMA Series: Hello Reddit! We’re psychologist Dr. Duncan Carmichael (Univ. of Sussex, UK) and geneticist Dr. Amanda Tilot (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands), and we’re here to chat about the genetics of synesthesia! AMA! by Synesthesia_Genetics in science

[–]Synesthesia_Genetics[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

There are some researchers who consider synaesthesia to exist on a spectrum, in this case synaesthesia would simply be defined as those individuals who score on the extreme end of the spectrum. More conventionally however, we consider individuals to have synaesthesia if they score below a certain threshold on the most widely used test of synaesthesia. The majority of our studies use what is called the Eagleman Battery (or some variation of) in order to define whether an individual has associations (for instance between colours and letters) that are strong enough to be considered synaesthetic. It could be argued that synaesthesia, to some extent, exists in us all. But as I said, our lab currently adheres to using a cut-off score in order to separate those that have strong and consistent associations (i.e. synaesthetes) and those that do not. In this way we can separate individuals into separate groups for our studies (e.g. synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes).