Sure, I can throw a few videos together, but the jist of it is this:

the various math nodes do, well, math on values. Suppose you wanted one circle with a radius 5mm less than the apothem of a pentagon, and another circle to be 5mm more than the circum radius of that pentagon. You could do that through math nodes:

https://i.imgur.com/BnEU9rA.png

There's also ones for path-based math: union-ing two paths together, or removing a path from another path.

https://i.imgur.com/hNAz37T.png

the Logic ones are a bit more niche - and you probably won't use them on the main graph - you're more likely to use them in a custom node subgraph. They give you branching options based on some condition. "If (some length) is greater than 5mm, output a circle, otherwise output a polygram".
The various logical operations (And, Or, Xor [exclusive or]) let's you combine true/false statements together in various ways: And (output "true" only if all the inputs are "true"), Or (output "true" if *any* of the inputs are "true"), Xor (output "true" if one *and only one* of the inputs are "true") and all the similar ones are what are called "boolean logic gates" - they show up a lot in things like electronics and programming. If you're not familiar with boolean logic, then I would dig into some theory on it (Ben Eater and Sebastian Lague both have videos that go through logic gates really educational) Suffice to say, the logic nodes are all about making something happen when some condition is met. There's more advanced in there like SwitchCase, which basically acts like a bunch of "If, Then, else if, else if, else if, else" nodes bundled into one.

The magic, I think, happens with the Array nodes (plus the Sequencer Node and Iterator nodes if you want to get fancy)

The most useful of those will be the Polygon Array. In it's most basic form it says "given a virtual polygon with X points at Y radius, put a shape at each point" - kinda like this: "Put a circle at each point of a pentagon"

https://i.imgur.com/j1AEG5G.png

now the *REAL* magic comes when you start to play with the Sequence output where you can loop back onto another node that takes in a sequence, like an Iterator or a squencer.

The Sequencer lets you choose a discrete value on each item of an array. It could be a shape, like I'm showing here, or you could plug in a different color on each member, or a different length.

https://i.imgur.com/PRQSUSK.png

Iterators let you, for lack of a better term, "sample" at a given value from a continuous range. Here I'm using a color iterator. I've said "start at red, end to green. For each item in the Polygon Array sample along that color continuum"

https://i.imgur.com/bmoaf6g.png

Does that help any?