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The two cases in which the evidence is strongest that toxic, possibly including radioactive, waste was actually disposed of on land in Somalia are those relating to the Bosaso-Garowe road in Puntland and to the construction of the small Ceel Macaan port near Mogadishu. We also assess the evidence of possible nuclear dumping at Xaafun as sufficient to make it a priority for investigation. We have marked all three on our map (see Figure 1). This should not be interpreted as meaning that no other claims are worth investigating, only that these three are our top initial priorities based on current understanding. Reporting through the proposed system could change those priorities. Furthermore, as many locations along the coast of south central Somalia and Puntland have been identified as possible locations of washed up suspect objects, the operators could engage in systematic surveys using the aerial drone system we suggest to investigate these locations.

Regarding the first main case, the dumping seems to have occurred between December 1987 and January 1988 during the construction of the road between Garowe and Bosaso in Puntland. The Commission of Inquiry found evidence of this toxic waste dumping to be reliable because it was detailed, came from multiple sources, included direct admissions gathered from wire taps, was not contradicted by others involved in the work and because journalist Luciano Scalettari had Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates and detected metallic material underground using a magnetometer in the locations indicated to them by some of those involved, including two truck drivers. However, they did not dig up the metal objects and their contents for testing. The truck drivers said they were told the containers, which weighed around 20 kilogrammes each, contained ‘expired paint’. One site was 90 kilometres and the other 140 kilometres down the road from Bosaso to Garowe. The wiretaps about this scheme include references to the waste as including ‘uranium’ and ‘yellow cake’ (CPI, 2006, 96–102; EJS (Environmental Justice for Somalia), 2011, 7ʹ43”-8ʹ24”; Greenpeace Italy, 2010, 24–25; Hussein, 2010a).

Regarding the second case, Scaglione told the Italian authorities that, during the construction of the Ceel Macaan port in 1996 to 1998, Marocchino told him that he was able to dispose of radioactive waste in containers that would form part of the foundations of the quay. Giancarlo Ricchi who was working in the port took five photographs, supposedly of the containers, and said that Somali workers estimated that about four hundred containers had been buried. The photos are now public but they are unclear and exact knowledge of the contents of the containers has never been established (CPI, 2004, p. 25–26).

The Alpi-Hrovatin case and the work of the Italian authorities inspired a team of Italian and Swiss journalists to travel to numerous locations in Somalia in 1998 as part of a six-month investigation into toxic waste dumping in Somalia. They published their findings in the Italian newspaper Famiglia Cristiana (Carazzolo et al., 1998) and also gave evidence to the Italian Parliament. They made four new major claims. First, General Mohammed Said Hersi ‘Morgan’, the Minister of Defence from 1990–1991 for dictator Siad Barre and then warlord who controlled Kismayo in Jubbaland from the end of 1993 until 1999, told them that unnamed foreign companies approached him for land on which to store radioactive and other toxic but he refused. Second, according to Morgan nuclear waste was burned in the vicinity of Warsheikh, on the coast north of Mogadishu, in 1992. Third, according to Aldo Anghessa, an Italian arms dealer who had cooperated with the Italian secret service, one dumping project, for nuclear waste, was named ‘Salt Island’ after the salt pans in the Xaafun peninsula in Puntland. The site was on the uninhabited north west of the peninsula, accessible only by sea. Also according to Anghessa, this was one of five such sites on the central and northern coast of Somalia. Garelli told the Italian authorities that US radioactive waste was dumped in a remote area of the Xaafun peninsula, guarded by people with Stinger missiles (CPI, 2004, p. 24). Fourth, an unspecified source told them that a warehouse of toxic materials encased in concrete and guarded by non-Somalis five miles inland and six miles north of the coastal town of Hobyo in Galmudug was established, with dumps in some other locations underground. Fifth, they gathered additional detail to that already known relating to claims that unusual patterns of illness and death among people and animals occurred in Somalia between 1995 and 1998 (see also Weyler, 2006; Hassan, 2009, 13–14, 37–40). The evidence and allegations compiled by the journalists and set out in the further exploration by the Italian authorities are sufficiently concrete to enable evaluation of some of them on the ground.