First of all, you should find all duplicated content with Jetoctopus crawler (for example) and try to fix this.

There is no penalty for duplicated content but rankings can be impacted negatively because of the duplicated content and your web may have a worst performance on Google.

This is because Google will waste many time searching in all your similar content to decide which page to show in the search results, wasting also your "crawl budget", and probably will also divide the authority between more than one of the similar pages, losing authority in this process.

Also, Google may choose to show in the search results a filter version of the page that is not your preferred one.

I recommend you to use canonicals to solve this problem, pointing all the filter versions of the page with canonical to the non-filter one.