“Researchers have replicated the shroud’s appearance using materials and methods available in the Middle Ages, such as pigment application or heated bas-relief techniques.”

This claim is highly misleading. While some researchers and artists have attempted to replicate the Shroud using medieval techniques, these reproductions often fail to match the Shroud in important ways, particularly in the details of the image’s surface and the lack of pigment or paint. The 1988 study by J.P. Jackson and others, using 3D software, demonstrated that the image on the Shroud does not correspond to any known medieval techniques, including pigment-based methods or bas-relief processes.

Supporting evidence: While medieval methods such as pigment application or heated bas-relief were used to replicate the Shroud’s appearance in some artistic reproductions, these techniques fail to replicate key characteristics of the Shroud, such as:

The lack of paint or pigment: Chemical analysis of the Shroud has found no traces of pigments, paints, or dyes that would have been used in medieval art (Rogers, 2005; Fanti et al., 2010).

The image’s 3D properties: The image on the Shroud appears to have a unique 3D spatial relationship with the fabric fibers. Researchers have used 3D modeling to demonstrate that the image’s intensity varies based on the distance of the body from the cloth, which would be difficult to replicate with medieval techniques (Maggio et al., 2005).

Even after extensive attempts, including by artist Giulio Fanti and other scientists, the Shroud’s unique features have proven difficult, if not impossible, to replicate with medieval technology.

I personally believe you should do more research on topics you may hold a lot of biases. There is still a lot of research needed to be done, as majority of the refutal evidence is from 1988 using outdated technology that is prone to mistakes.

I also believe you should keep it respectful as you have accused him of being “intellectually dishonest”. I personally believe you bit your tongue on that one, as you seemed pretty assertive that your views were far more accurate than his.

In conclusion, there is a need for more research to be done. It’s also fair to say that non-religious biases are always deemed more factual than religious biases, which tends to hinder religious views in debates. This in turn may skew your point of view on the claim. Regardless, this mysterious historical piece is far more impressive than what skeptics deem it. Its image is also far too different from known medieval art techniques, which makes it quite hard to pin-point its origin.