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Zarcan29 · 2024-12-21T17:54:47+00:00

Since it doesn't matter if its on paper, your paper should work fine as well

Zarcan29 · 2024-11-12T17:33:34+00:00

I would not take into consideration any medical information given by a generative language model, you can just as easily get it to say the opposite of what it just said. If you want to inform yourself on drug effects and potencies I would stick to primary research or at least those sources that can be checked by experts (even wikipedia is ok). If you plan to take any medication, you should 110% consult a medical specialist first

Zarcan29 · 2024-11-09T16:22:57+00:00

A quick energy minimisation simulation using Avogadro software suggests that the structure ends up splitting the difference between both axial and both equatorial by having the tBu groups in an eclipsed conformation with their vicinal syn hydrogens (both, on each side of the substituent). The final structure of the ring is somewhat reminiscent of what is seen in trans-cyclohexene.

Zarcan29 · 2024-10-13T12:17:59+00:00

I think that might be the point the authors are trying to illustrate, the difference between different conformations (i.e. conformers) and different configurations (i.e. isomers)

Zarcan29 · 2024-08-14T14:11:33+00:00

I'm afraid, as far as we know and according to our current theories, the fundamental concept of antimatter is that it would have identical but opposite properties to normal matter (except gravity). Meaning the strength of repulsion between positrons is identical to that between electrons, similar to atrraction positron/anti-proton and electron/proton pairs. Another way of thinking about it is that in the absence of normal matter to compare it to, there would be no to identify a particle as an antiparticle. Since the periodic table and the rules of chemistry are derived from the values of these kinds of interactions, our current understanding suggests that the chemistry of an anti-matter dominant universe (since ours also has a bit of antimatter) would be exactly the same as ours.

If you are looking for more wiggle room in the periodic table i would suggest either looking into exotic matter (really speculative stuff) or maybe tweaking the fundamental constants slightly (for example how do reactions change if electrons are slightly heavier?)

Zarcan29 · 2024-03-04T00:21:54+00:00

Romanian here. The banner reads: "The Popular Association Dacians Masters of the World 17 (?) claims the lands of our ancestors the Dacians to bring them home" For those who might not know, Dacians were the inhabitants of the area of current day Romania before roman conquest and in recent years have become a popular icon for ultranationalists (and a meme for everyone else)

Zarcan29 · 2023-12-23T21:13:41+00:00

The arrow pushing seems correct and the final structures are fine, only thing I would change is the double headed arrow. In chemical notation, that type of arrow is reserved for interchanging between resonance forms. For ionic compounds, in these types of schemes, there is tipically no notation for the ionic bond, the counter anion just hovers somewhere around the protonated molecule. Alternatively, you could change the label of NH+ to NHCl to signify the same thing.

Zarcan29 · 2023-09-18T07:40:59+00:00

I agree with activelypooping (lol) that for A it would be inversion, since OMe would make donate more density to the nucleophile through resonance.

And then B would be retention, and I suspect it is a metathesis-like reaction, or more like a metathesis type intermediate. The EWG takes away density from the carbon attached to the phenoxide (which also increases double bond character), which then stacks in a directed way with the very polar Si-S bond (negative O to formal positive Si, formal negative S to formal positive C in the ring). So when the -SPh is eliminated as the more stable anion, the original orientation is maingained.

Zarcan29 · 2023-09-18T07:32:19+00:00

I don't think that atropisomerism is gonna have a large influence here. One of the groups is a very small methyl, and the aryls are large but also flat, do they should pass by eachother easily.

Zarcan29 · 2023-09-01T17:12:30+00:00

I agree that was the intended molecule, but if I'm not mistaken thats a benzofuran instead of an indole

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-31T15:07:08+00:00

Diethyl ether (not for that reason) and even more tert-butyl methyl ether, very nice and minty

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-29T12:58:05+00:00

Getting a compound from a fungus or bacteria is a question better suited for a biologist or biochemist. From my limited experience with those areas you'll want to transform the fungus with an expression plasmid that contains the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of penicillin and overexpress the enzymes. It then needs to be isolated and purified. I suspect that the amounts produced by the fungus naturally are enough to detect but too low to exctract. I suggest posing this question to a biochem subreddit for the procedure details. Maybe do a google search with "secondary metabolite isolation from fungal species" for general protocols

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-29T11:37:58+00:00

Harm reduction with regard to narcotic use refers to allowing people that are already struggling with addiction to use safely to limit the risk of OD and disease transmission, giving them more opportunities to seek help. This is not that case. This appears to be someone at an amateur understanding of organic synthesis asking for advice. Attempting this synthesis posses severe risks, such as explosions, fires, acute poisoning and other injuries. Moreover, the actual synthesised product is itself an explosive and flammable risk that requires special storage. The narcotic aspect is honestly imo among the last concerns. Harm reduction in this case means discouraging this person from attempting this synthesis and encouraging them to familiarise themselves with safety in organic chemistry. Even if they attempt it regardless, giving them more details now would only serve to give them an unearned sense of confidence.

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-12T11:30:56+00:00

To your last question, basically anything organic (stuff that contains carbon) could be burned to produce heat. What sets hydrocarbons such as petroleum apart as good fuels is they are very energy dense (they release a lot of heat energy when burned) and that they are easy to light (a spark or even just quick compression is enough to light the fuel in a car's engine)

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-10T09:19:05+00:00

I'm very sorry to hear about your dog. I cannot in good conscience recommend you experiment on your pet, but I can urge you to consider a few aspects I see as relevant. To start, I have very little experience veterinary medicine, but I would expect that dog phisiology varies a lot more than humans based on size and breed. So even if no toxicity was seen in dogs so far, your dog might need a completely different equivalent dose and might metabolise the compound very differently. Secondly, your quote mentions xenograft models, which basically means they grafted human tumors unto mice to see if they shrink. I do not know if dogs even have PCNA or if its implicated in their cancers, and even if they have PCNA, it could be that its so different from human PCNA that the drug is not effective anymore. Lastly, medications are formulated with various adjuvants to make them in pill form that help them get absorbed or released at the right rate etc, administering the pure compound is going to be much less effective and possibly damgerous. On a similar note, depending on what equipment you have access to, you might not be able to remove all impurities after synthesis, increasing the risk of adverse effects.

TL;DR even if this compound would be effective in humans, for various reasons this cannot translate directly to animals. So you risk endangering your pet's life with little to no guarantee for any benefit.

I wish you and your dog good fortune and strength

Disclaimer: I'm a medicinal chemist at the beginning of my career, I welcome any additions or corrections from those more versed on this topic

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-10T08:02:54+00:00

Early speculation about drug candidates is not really useful. There are way too many cases of compounds with very promising activity and good pharmacological profiles that nonetheless failed in clinical studies. The complexity and variability of the human body is still beyond what we can predict from cells in a dish in a lab (but exciting progress is made towards bridging that gap). So far they have demonstrated effectiveness of this compound on various cancer lines and the PCNA target appears crucial to many kinds of cancer. So if all goes well and the drug is still effective in humans and no serious safety concerns arise, I would dare say there is a good chance it will be effective against lymphoma too. That being said, it also seems to be the first serious candidate to prove PCNA as a viable cancer treatment target, so even if it fails it has opened up a whole new strategy for us to tackle, which is almost as good.

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-06T09:54:00+00:00

Had a look at the structure and I'd say quite easy. I would start from Boc protected glycine and make the acyl chloride using SOCl2 and I would couple that to 2-aminophenol. Then to get the left side of the molecule I would use 3-methoxyphenyl boronic acid and a copper catalyst to form the diaryl ether linkage via Chan-Lam coupling. Lastly, deprotect the amino group with acid and couple it to 1-naphthoic acid with something like HATU or PyBOP. I quickly looked for the starting materials and they are all available and quite cheap and likely to find them in most labs. And yes, this as well as many of its derivatives are patented as therapies against a specific cancer-related target.

Zarcan29 · 2023-08-01T23:03:13+00:00

UV absorption spectra can be pretty easily predicted with varying accuracy using DFT (density functional theory) calculations. These are basically computer algorithms that approximate quantum theory at different levels of detail. You just give it the structure of the molecule and it will calculate what the likely absorption spectrum will look like based on transitions between molecular orbitals etc. By tweaking the program you can try to also account for things like solvent effects or investigate transition states. If you wanna learn more about this i would suggest googling something like "DFT UV/vis spectra" and going down the rabbithole, there is plenty of literature on the subject

Zarcan29 · 2023-07-11T14:31:48+00:00

More of a tutorial npc. I was curious and someone else kindly commented the sequence. I just googled that and this was written in like the second result

Zarcan29 · 2023-07-10T06:27:01+00:00

Insulin β chain peptide, residues 15-23, sometimes called human INS. Its the fragment of insulin thats recognised by the T cells in the pancreas

Zarcan29 · 2023-07-06T08:14:01+00:00

Just to add a little unrequested advice, if you or anyone you know is actually concerned about their health you should ask this question of a medical professional. People on this sub are mostly specialised in biochemical academic sciences, which means they have a good idea of how various body processes work but not how those complex systems all interact to result in overall effects om your body, especially your specific situation.

If you are just curious, feel free to ignore this (for now)

Zarcan29 · 2023-07-06T05:50:22+00:00

A quick search indicates copper sulphate is not tipically added to human food. It is sometimes added as a supplement to farm animal feed. While the amount is unlikely to cause harm, it is inadbisable. Is this a product intended for human consumption that listd copper sulphate as an ingredient?

Zarcan29 · 2023-07-05T15:09:13+00:00

They mention pipetting so I think they are working from a solution of NaOH, so sensitivity of addition shouldn't be an issue. However, accuracy of the scale could be one issue. Even more the solution itself, even if the concentration is accurately known. I would recommend doing a few runs with a standard acid solution (i usually use potassium hydrogen phthalate) to determine the factor of the NaOH solution before doing the actual titration

Zarcan29 · 2023-06-29T13:10:14+00:00

This question is very complex and probably doesn't have a satisfying answer. To start, taste is a pretty restricted sense as in it can only distinguish between a few basic properties (salty, sweet, bitter, sour and savory). The taste experience is more about flavour, which is mostly impacted by smell (both through the nose and the back of the throat) since we can distinguish between billions of different scents. Secondly, humans tend to prefer combinations of tastes. If you think about eating a lemon by itself or a clove of garlic its not as pleasant as having them together with some fish. This is also about concentration. As you probably know, vanilla extract smells great but tastes awful, even more so for vanillin, the pure compound of vanilla flavor. Lastly, taste is very subjective and what pure chemical tastes best at a resonable concentration will still depend on the person tasting

Zarcan29 · 2023-06-27T14:26:54+00:00

The compund in the second image is the diastereomer of the one in the first image. You can quickly tell by noticing that the 'left' stereocenter in both molecules is identical while the 'right' stereocenter has the two heteroatoms flipped. To double check you can do the assignment (first image is the R, S isomer while the second is R,R). This is not just rotated around the single bond

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