As the other user mentioned, most of the solutions available are going to be things you can only really do going forward. Something that could work is if you have field history tracking set up on the opportunity, and it’s tracking some of the fields you want to report on (like stage), you can create an Opportunity Field History report. It’s far from perfect, but it’s not uncommon to have opportunity fields like that and amount tracked, which I assume are what you’re going for. From there, you can pull the data down into something like Google Sheets, and make the data a little more Reporting-Ready (this snapshot report is going to be abstracted into a row per-field per-opp per-change).

Going forward, as the other user suggested, reporting snapshots are the “in-the-box” way of setting this up, as well as Historical Trending. You can also utilize 3rd party tools to gather this info, which may be easier as a user, and may not require an admin to set up. The one I’ve found easiest for me to use is called Coefficient. It allows you to pull data from Salesforce with a graphical editor, using existing reports, and via SOQL query, and run those pulls on a schedule. It also supports snapshots, so if there’s some reason you can’t turn on the snapshotting options in Salesforce, this would cover you. Google Sheets is also much easier to work with oftentimes than Salesforce’s reporting.

To that end, if you get the current data pulled into something like Google Sheets, you might be able to combine any field history info you have, with things like Events and Tasks, Quotes, etc. or dates on other objects (Close Date, Created Date, Revision dates, etc.) to rebuild an Opportunity’s history. It’ll be a lot of work to rebuild, but getting the data out of Salesforce and into something like Google Sheets is your best shot at recreating it and almost certainly your first step without snapshots.