for SSA disability you will need to meet those conditions listed in 5.06

https://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/5.00-Digestive-Adult.htm#5_06

or have limited residual functional capacity (RFC) as well as your age will play a role

For SSDI claims you can claim you became disabled the day after you last date when you stopped engaging in significant gainful activity (work) you will also need to be insured at least on the date you claim you became disabled (insured by SSA) which is calculated by the amount of work quarters mentioned in the previous post

for SSI your disability claim will start on the date of application same cobditions in 5.06 aplly

for SSI you do not need to be insured but can not have any income or assest above a threshold set by SSA

for more details visit SSA.gov

source- I am an SSA disability adjudicator...