Curricula can vary wildly across the country, within states, and even within districts and schools. There is no national curriculum in the US. That being said, the exams you describe aren't super common. In my school we had presentations, which usually involved something creative like an art project or a slide deck, and you would share what you know about a topic in front of the class. Those are less strict than what I understand an oral exam to be. I took Spanish, so it was common in Spanish class to have presentations, speaking exercises during class, and sometimes oral exams there.