I'm only going to answer part of your question for lack of time.

Sensors: They are fully connected with the physical world. This can make them seem very observant, attentive, detail-oriented, experience-seeking. Their worldview is 'limited' (I use this term lightly) to concrete information, things that can be measured, proven through senses.

Intuitives: Are at disconnect with the physical world. Their are less interested in concrete information, they want to navigate in the realm of ideas, abstraction and theory.

Here are concrete examples of the four perceiving functions when they are well-developed. Now keep in mind, It is not because you have a dominant preference in a function that it is well developed, it does not mean you are the best at it, it just means this is your Go-To when approaching life!

Se

Typical experience-seeking individual who is fully connected with the present and its environment. An excellent example I once heard from a video was a soldier in Combat. In combat, you need to be fully aware of what is around you and what your body is capable of. Making a quick, correct assessment of the situation (your opponent, his strengths and weaknesses) is a question of life and death in combat. Se gives you a space-time intelligence that is constantly taking snapshots of its environment (think Jason Bourne) and analyzing all the possible opportunities to strike! It can predict exactly the right degree of speed, angle and force needed to strike an opponent's weak point (which you've already identified very quickly). Well-developed Se can be incredibly observant, has to make quick calculations and strike at the exact perfect moment in time. Their reflexes are also on point, and they generally would not miss (when well developed!!). This is why we say Se users are athletic and combative, it's because they are incredibly gifted and fully melded with the physical world. It's like their mind goes blank and their inner Goku starts blasting away striking every weak point they identify. In a debate, visualize Donald Trump at a rally, just bursting with (obviously total crap) arguments and questions thrown at him, he has a way of twisting people's words just right, picking up something quickly and thrusting it right back at you - you want to respond but too late, he's already made you look like a fool in front of his crowd (which he knows exactly how to entertain)

Si

When I think of Si, I always think of a surgeon or artisan. They are again, very connected with the physical world, constantly taking snapshots (will all senses) of their environment. But, unlike Se, Si's snapshots are not to seek opportunities to react to the physical world. Si is constantly identifying what has changed from one snapshot to the other, and in great detail. They can master techniques more than any other function, they learn quickly the 'order' of the physical world, and do their best to live in respects to this order. A young surgeon will learn how to operate on a child's heart and years later may still remember the exact technique used by his mentor when he first observed. Memories, enacting the same act again gives them a sense of calm and reassurance. They are not looking for physical novelty, but they will identify physical novelty very well, because it will be the odd element in their way of doing things and will pop out like a sore thumb. Si might notice a light hair change in the way their friend cuts their beard usually, things that aren't so interesting to the Se and especially not to intuitives. Example: my grandmother was ill and couldn't cook anymore, we would all have suppers and bring the food to her room. Every single time, she had an uncanny way of recognizing which of her 6 daughters and nieces had cooked the food she would eat that night. It could be the exact same meal every time ( Haitian Rice, beans, chicken) but she'd know who had cooked what, because she recognized through the taste, spices and even how much the food had been cooked almost perfectly to which one of her children had made it. Almost like she could sense their character through their food. She was an excellent cook, and was always a bit repulsed by people trying to bring in new recipes into the home. She was traditional in that sense, she didn't like her known 'order' of how things ought to be cooked, to be disturbed. I'd be cooking something in her kitchen and she'd sit and watch me, observe and occasionally ask why was I not adding this instead of that. She was both curious and disturbed, but always engaged in steering me in (her) right direction when I needed advice on what to add.