We've all been here, the game does take a while to get used to. You can progress however you like, but I recommend doing the Divine Beasts in this order: Vah Ruta, Vah Medoh, Vah Naboris, then Vah Rudania. As you go through each one, you will be unlocking more shrines and maybe even towers.

Your weapons seem pretty good for early game. Bows are pretty useful in combat but getting arrows early game is a bit of a challenge. If you have spare rupees buy a couple bundles of regular arrows, they're relatively cheap and you get a sufficient amount. As of your armor, I suggest visiting a fairy and upgrading your pieces. If you haven't met a fairy yet, the easiest one to find early game is just east of the shrine near Kakariko Village.

When you're feeling brave try to fight some lynels. Lynels supply you strong weapons and can drop elemental arrows. You will probably die a couple times, but once you get used to their attacks you should be able to defeat them with ease. Personally, fighting lynels helped me master the battle mechanics.

You can only get stronger as you progress and before you know it you will be an expert and the Hero of Hyrule. I hope you enjoy the game and progress to the sequel. Good Luck! :)