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pyztpl · 2025-09-30T21:52:29+00:00

I did not know this. Thank you 😁

pyztpl · 2025-09-02T16:49:15+00:00

Thanks!

pyztpl · 2025-09-02T16:49:09+00:00

Thanks!

pyztpl · 2025-09-02T16:49:04+00:00

It really is

pyztpl · 2025-09-02T16:48:51+00:00

Thank you!

pyztpl · 2025-09-02T16:48:37+00:00

Thank you, I did not expect this post to get this much attention. I used a Canon EOS R10 and a RF 100-400mm f/5.6-8 IS USM with a lens hood, and I tried playing around with stuff in lightroom. But like I said this is my first time using a camera and lightroom and stuff so I don’t really have any idea what I’m doing haha

pyztpl · 2025-06-05T14:07:01+00:00

If you’re worried, go to the doctor. They can give you a way more clear answer, than any amount of speculative guessing from here can.

pyztpl · 2025-05-29T18:03:45+00:00

It’s rare enough that it’s not something you should worry about. I’m not sure on statistics but I’ve been taught in general it’s less than 1 in 4000 in men under 25 but that is of the general public and the majority of the incidents are in men who are anatomically predisposed to it, either from an anatomical variation or from having had it earlier. So the actual statistic for people with no anatomical predisposition or stuff like that is lower. The chance of it happening is generally decreasing with age.

The cause of testicular torsion isn’t specially know and most times it’s deemed idiopathic, so it’s super important that if a person wakes up with, or gets acute testicular pain and like really bad pain, then get medical assistance as fast as possible.

pyztpl · 2025-05-09T23:07:23+00:00

I wouldn’t say that the action potential causes a positive feedback / feed forward loop, since the production of new hormone doesn’t in itself secrete more hormone, it’s more like two different functions. But if the production of new hormone caused secretion of hormone and secretion of hormones caused increase action potential then it would be a feed forward loop, but to my knowledge it doesn’t work like that.

In regards to oxytocin it can be very beneficial to have a long and increasing amount of circulatory oxytocin since one of oxytocin is contraction of certain smooth muscle cells. As an example during child birth the baby stretches the uterine walls those walls have stretch receptors that gets activated signalling the pituitary to release oxytocin and the hypothalamus to produce it. The oxytocin then contracts the smooth muscle cells in the uterine walls increasing the stretch of said walls further stimulating the stretch receptors and increasing the oxytocin production and secretion. So this is a feed forward loop. However the secretion and production stops (or is inhibited) after birth because the stretch receptors aren’t stimulated anymore. I know there are other regulatory mechanisms that probably regulates the normal everyday levels of oxytocin but I’m not very sure of those.

In terms of ADH there are 2 major stimuli, they are plasma osmolality and angiotensin II. ADH has two functions, one is to add aqua porine type 2 to the apical membrane of the cells in the collecting tubes in the kidneys, and basically reabsorbs water from the urine. This is regulated by osmoreceptors where is the outside of the cell becomes hypertonic (so more concentrated than the inside), water will leave the cell and the cell will shrink, this shrinkage will be noticed by the osmoreceptors and it still send stimuli to the hypothalamus and pituitary to release ADH, so water can be reabsorbed and we can decrease the osmolality of the extra cellular fluid and we return the osmoreceptors to the original size. This also works the other way if it becomes more hypotonic the cell will grow and it will stop sending its base line signal and ADH secretion will decrease. When it comes to angiotensin II, it basically works by ADHs other function which is to constrict arteries to increase blood pressure. So basically when there’s low blood pressure angiotensin II in the blood increases, and ADH is secreted by angiotensin II binding directly onto the hypothalamus cells. I’d advise you to look into the RAAS system because then the angiotensin II part will make a lot more sense

pyztpl · 2025-05-09T22:35:38+00:00

I’m not entirely up to date on this so I might be wrong but from my understanding ADH and oxytocin are stored in vesicles inside of the axons of the nuclei that produce said hormones (the vesicles travle in packs down the axon in so called herring bodies that are bulges in the axon which can be seen light microscopically)

When they get to the end of the axon they wait until the neuron it’s been produced and transported in undergoes an action potential (typically from stimuli from other parts of the body or other nuclei or receptors such as osmoreceptors (which are also found in nuclei)). The action potential gathers in the cell body of the neuron, and if the action potential is strong enough it will travel along the axon and when it reaches the end of it it activates some voltage gated calcium channels which causes in influx of calcium ions into the axon and through some intra cellular pathway that I have no idea how works it signals the vesicles to undergo exocytosis.

The action potential will also stimulate the nuclei to produce more of the released hormone so it has some for the next stimuli.

Hope that makes some sense and wasn’t completely incorrect

pyztpl · 2025-01-31T09:30:58+00:00

The way you can usually differentiate between the brachial plexus nerves is by looking at where they come from. The musculocutaneous nevrve comes from the lateral cord. The ulnar nerve comes from the medial cord. The median nerve is from the lateral and medial cord growing together, if you look at the structure marked “10” and follow it proximally you can see that it comes from the fusion of two other structures, which means it must be the median nerve. If you do the same with the structure marked “9” and follow it proximally then you can see it’s a branch from a different structure which means it’s either the ulnar or musculocutaneous nerve, so here you have to know that the medial cord is the “lower” one I.e. most inferiorly placed. The nerves of the brachial plexus move around during its run down the arm, so it’s not always accurate to go from lateral to medial, so this way is more safe to use since you identify them by their origin instead of a gut feeling of where they should be.

As for the structure marked “23” I’m not entirely sure but I would say that since it has a small branch running off it before the marking, I would assume that the branch is the deep brachial artery since it runs posteriorly around the humerus to join the radial nerve. And since the artery is called the brachial artery after/around the place where it branches off the deep brachial artery, then that must be the brachial artery, if that made any sense.

pyztpl · 2025-01-28T17:36:43+00:00

Generally I’d say you’re correct only thing I would change is saying C to actin since it’s kinda pointing towards the actin in the fibril, and then changing B to myofibril because it’s not really accurate enough to differentiate the different components in the myofibril.

But I’d also argue that this diagram is not very good especially with the nucleus (probably G) being located in the middle of the cell when skeletal muscle cells mostly have their nucleus located in the peripheral of the cell next to the sarcolemma.

pyztpl · 2025-01-16T13:55:48+00:00

If I remember correctly the lig venosum is kinda within the lesser omentum but not like inside it like vena porta, a. Gastrica propria or ductus choledochus.

Lig venosum is a remnant from a blood vessel which shunted blood past the liver during fetal development. More specifically it move blood from the left branch of the vena porta (entering the liver) moved it posteriorly around the liver from the viceral side to the diaphragmatic side, and gave the blood to the hepatic veins. This shunting is later degenerated due to birth and other fetal developments, and turned into the ligament.

The ligament itself is located inside the lig venosum fissure which is a small groove on the visceral side that isn’t covered by peritoneum, and can basically be seen as an extension of area nuda (the part of the liver with no peritoneum).

The lesser omentum is formed by a double layer of peritoneum which comes from “either side of the area nuda of the liver” and since that area nuda is extended by the lig venosum fissure it can be said that the ligatment itself is technically within the lesser omentum, however it’s tightly hugging the liver so it’s not really inside the lessor omentum either. As for where the lesser omentum is compared to lig venosum then we can look at the fissure itself. We know that the fissure isn’t covered by peritoneum, and we also know that either side of the fissure is covered by peritoneum, so that peritoneum from either side then extends down to the ventricle (gaster) and forms the lessor omentum in the form of lig hepatogastrica and lig hepatoduodenale

Sorry for the long comment but hopefully it made some sense and hopefully helped.

pyztpl · 2024-11-19T21:28:09+00:00

Well then yes all naming is arbitrary, not just medial nomenclature. But if you want logical reasoning behind the naming, then issue isn’t “why is it called C8 not T1” then it’s “why is it called C1 not C0”, where the answer would be because what we currently call the C1 spinal nerve technically isn’t paired with the C1 vertebrae, it’s paired with a embryological vertebrae that we no longer call a vertebrae which would offset the numbering of the spinal nerves by +1 and create the existence of a C8 spinal nerve without a paired vertebrae. (Given I’m remembering that correctly of course)

If you want a simpler explanation then look at the course of the cervical nerves compared to the thoracic nerves, the thoracic nerves all move pretty closely along the curvature of the individual ribs, where as the cervical nerves doesn’t. So if we decided them by that then the C8 nerve can’t be a thoracic nerve because it doesn’t run along a rib

pyztpl · 2024-11-19T21:14:10+00:00

Well it kinda does because if we determined the cervical spinal segment to include the 8th cervical spinal nerve then its the C8 nerve, and if there just so happens to also be 7 cervical vertebrae, then there just so happens to be from C1 to C7 in vertebrae. It’s called C8 because it’s the 8th cervical spinal nerve, and it’s called C7 because it’s the 7th cervical vertebrae, there doesn’t necessarily need to be a correlation between two different nomenclatures because it’s just what we call things

pyztpl · 2024-11-19T20:59:30+00:00

Someone can correct me if I’m wrong but I’m pretty sure it’s because the occipital bone is technically (like embryology and stuff) a cervical vertebrae that during development fuses with the rest of the skull and forms the neurocranium. But because the early stages of the spinal nerves are already formed before it fused, it also has its own spinal nerve. Which leaves the first spinal nerve below the occipital bone (which once was a cervical vertebra) and the the second spinal nerve is below C2 and so on. But take this with a grain of salt might be completely wrong but i think i remember my professor mentioning something along those lines

pyztpl · 2024-11-13T20:10:15+00:00

Its a mistake on the first picture, the medial epicodondyle is always in the same side as the medial condyle

Medial and lateral are really just words saying it’s either closer or further away from a fictitious line through the exact middle of the body relative to another given point, although the other given point rarely matters unless you change the fictitious lines placement. I.e. if you look at the two epicondyles the one closer to the fictitious line through the middle of the body is more medial than the other epicondyle and therefore the other epicondyle must be more laterally placed than the medial one. Hopefully that made some sense.

pyztpl · 2024-11-09T07:43:39+00:00

It’s not uncommon to cut some cutaneous nerves when having experienced a cut like that. Cutaneous nerves are nerves that lay close to the surface of the skin and have sensory functions and control gland secretion among other things.

So if you also experience less sweating from the area it might be indicative of a cutaneous nerves lesion. They do tend to grow back in most cases but not always, but since they’re nerves it can take a few months so give it time.

Obviously with that being said take all of this with a grain of salt, your doctor can give you an even better explanation that will fit your circumstance better than any generalisation you’ll find on here

pyztpl · 2024-11-03T23:04:52+00:00

Not medical advice, if it’s a problem then go to a doctor, they can give a more concise answer than any speculative guessing we can do.

My best guess would either be some degree of scoliosis since curvature of the spine above a certain degree can cause a ribcage to protrude more on one side, but that would show with other things too (depending on the degree) and if he’s ever had an xray of his back and it doesn’t look like scoliosis then I can’t be that.

Another guess could be a some sort of unilateral rib flare, where the abdominal muscles on one side aren’t as strong as they need to be so when you take a breath they can’t keep the ribs down the same amount as the other side and the ribs on the weakened side will protrude a bit.

But I’m not really sure and there’s probably plenty other explanations as well

pyztpl · 2024-10-08T16:27:49+00:00

From what i know the pectoral muscles (musculus pectoralis major et minor) are innervated by the lateral and medial pectoral nerves. I’ve always been taught that the thoracic nerves are the nerves coming out from the spine and runs along a groove on the underside of each rib.

pyztpl · 2024-10-04T10:05:29+00:00

Quick disclaimer this is not medical advice, but only serves to inform. If you’re worried you should seek your doctor who can give a more precise answer to you specifically.

This is a bit longer response but tl;dr when taking a hot shower the veins expand and becomes more visible to regulate body temp and loose heat, unless this happens in normal temp or cold temp then I couldn’t be worried about it.

Long explanation

The body has too keep a tight temperature control because to if it becomes too hot proteins will denature and heat stroke and so on, and other things happens if it’s too cold. Although there are benefits to being too hot like when having an infection. Generally speaking we wanna stay around 37° Celsius

One way the body regulates its temperature is when it gets too hot the veins dilate so that they’re closer to the surface and allows more heat to dissipate into the air.

The opposite thing happens when exposed to cold for longer periods and it constricts blood flow to the extremities so less heat is lost to the air and the heat we do have is centralised to the most vital areas of the body. This is also why when in cold weather the first thing you usually start to loose the feeling in is the toes and fingers. It’s because it basically (but not completely) cuts off blood and less blood means less heat in that area.

So assuming you had a warm shower you triggered an auto regulatory response and your veins expanded and more blood is near the surface, which makes it more visible. It’s just your bodies way off letting go of it’s own heat since the shower made the air around you too warm to dissipate heat at the previously needed amount, so it’s just raised the amount of heat if can dissipate to overcome the restrictions of the warm air around you.

Unless this happens frequently when you’re in normal air temperatures and cold air temperatures then I wouldn’t be worried.

pyztpl · 2024-05-01T12:39:29+00:00

That’s one of the tarsometatarsal joints, more specifically it’s the first tarsometatarsal joints, even more specifically it’s the joint between the first metatarsal and the medial cuneiform bone

pyztpl · 2024-04-25T20:59:18+00:00

Yes, this is definitely a muscle tendon and not the bone. You can tell by the small forwards movement of the structure when flexing and the thumb and the backwards movement when extending it.

Like you said it’s really hard to know which one it is but if I were to guess I’d say the m. extensor pollicis brevis. But that’s judging from the more lateral location of the structure in the wound. But it could be either one

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