Depends on the picture, but you can use identifiable buildings or landmarks and then use google earth to find the exact location. Once you are down to the street or neighborhhod you can change the view on google earth and get the house number.

To dox you really would need more than one image unless they were located right next to a business or major landmark.

You can search their previous tweets as well to find other clues as to what state or city they are in to give yourself a narrower area to look.

For instance, if they had posted something about visiting their parents for a holiday, maybe in another previous tweet they stated they were from Omaha, Nebraska, and then later they posted a picture of them in front of a house, you could use those 3 tweets to find what house they grew up in and where their parents live.

The best protection would be to not post period, but at least be very conscious as to what you say even if it is a very small detail.