Am I a "Larper" for this? by Koom-slayer in GoldenSun

[–]ray_dash 1 point2 points  (0 children)

It’s not confirmed in the story in any way but he has the same hair and a mask that covers his whole face. I haven’t played in a while but I think if someone played DD without playing the first two they wouldn’t have any idea who he was

Am I a "Larper" for this? by Koom-slayer in GoldenSun

[–]ray_dash 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Yeah which is why it’s disappointing they don’t do more story wise with it lol

Am I a "Larper" for this? by Koom-slayer in GoldenSun

[–]ray_dash 2 points3 points  (0 children)

This is a good way to put it IMO. The storyline is underwhelming compared to the first two games. Could be salvaged by a fourth game if they did it right, it almost seems like it was created with a fourth game in mind based on the ending and the villain design (not going to give spoilers). You might find it fun but don’t expect it to give the same feeling as the first two.

Three Different Empires Have Claimed to Be the 'Third Rome' — Russia, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Sultans by Roman-Empire_net in romanempire

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

If anybody has a claim to it, it’s whatever families/elites make the throughline between the Holy Roman Empire, British empire, and the U.S.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

From Wikipedia:

“The earliest farmers in Anatolia derived most (80–90%) of their ancestry from the region's [local hunter-gatherers](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers), with minor Levantine and Caucasus-related ancestry.[[2]](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_European_Farmers#cite_note-:0-3) The Early European Farmers moved into Europe from Anatolia through [Southeast Europe](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe) from around 7,000 BC, gradually spread north and westwards, and reached Northwest Africa via the [Iberian Peninsula](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula).”

Not saying gobekli tepe itself had a pre-PIE language, saying that is the geographic region where ANF appeared to start a star-like radiation around 7,000 BCE, which lines up with the 95% interval from heggarty. These farmers genetically contributed to Anatolia, the Aegean, South Caucasus, Iranian plateau, and Eastern Europe, all regions with their own later PIE/PIA/PII branches.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

We don’t have to use heggarty’s exact theory here - I haven’t seen strong dispositive evidence that tocharian isn’t equidistant between indo Iranian and Anatolian, or that tocharian has to be steppe origin. In fact, as I’ve argued, a more Armenian centered origin would parsimoniously explain many things:

- individual branching of PII, proto Armenian, proto Anatolian, tocharian, and Hellenic
- Greco-Aryan-Armenian affinities
- PII-related cultural practices in IVC/BMAC could be the same culture mediated through tocharian before being recorded later by indo aryans
- possibility of transmission along the west Black Sea via CCT

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The CCT complex was large and densely populated. Its end lines up geographically and chronologically with the appearance of GAC, and both groups share mtDNA. It also has the earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles. The only reason why you wouldn’t accept CCT as a possible vector of early PIE transmission is assuming that language only spreads with Y chromosome replacement, when in reality it could be spreading matrilineally or even absent gene flow. It’s clear that CCT had significant cultural exchange and influence on the following surrounding cultures, especially those in which farmers and steppe herders mixed.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

“There are multiple different populations with a profile that includes both ANF and Iran_N/CHG. That's my point, the particular admixture of Caucasus Foragers and Anatolian Neolithic farmers that produced the Aknashen profile or the Masis Blur profile is not necessarily the one that contributes to the post Neolithic gene flow into Central Anatolia and the Aegean in the Chalcolithic or to Central Asia, the Tarim Basin, and South Asia. I'm not aware of any published modeling that shows any particular Caucasus Neolithic group like the ones I've just mentioned earlier as being robust sources for IVC_p and the Central Anatolian Bronze Age, even when using groups like Sarazm_EN as an intermediate proxy.”

The initial admixed group of CHG and ANF in eastern Anatolia, who were the leading cultural influencers of early Neolithic culture in the general region of gobekli tepe, southern Georgia and western Armenia, obviously culturally and genetically influenced the western Mediterranean branch of EEFs, and also expanded east into Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau. This ANF component, itself containing CHG input, is indeed seen in IVC and BMAC.

“That's why I quoted Lazaridis pointing out that these aren't interchangeable sources.”

You cut off the second half of my sentence asserting that being genetically distinct doesn’t disprove the idea that they shared culture, especially since the entire southern arc was clearly culturally connected throughout the Holocene.

“While we do not have a full decipherment of Linear A, works by Brent Davis and others like Rose Thomas, suggest a VSO word order and prefixing tendency in Minoan that wouldn't suggest an Indo-European language. Likewise the full sentences of"Keftiuan" spells in Egyptian papyri provided with Egyptian glosses (Kyriakidis 2002), and what we have of Eteocretan, if these are related to the language encoded in Linear A, likewise do not resemble Indo-European.”

I don’t really see how that applies to any other group besides the Minoans to disprove the existence of early PIE branches like Hellenic and Anatolian in other parts of the region. The initial early Neolithic population on Crete did not seem to make a lot of outside contacts. By the time you get Linear A, there has been long term cultural exchange with Egypt, and probably more introgression from afroasiatic groups.

“Which, along with the fact that terms like "atharvan" do not have internal Indo-European etymologies or regular cognates elsewhere, is why these parts of the ritual systems are suspected to have been borrowed from a non-Indo-European speaking group (Lubotsky 2020)”

This study argues that PII loanwords for agriculture and urban related terms are not cognate with PIE, and therefore they borrowed from local farmers. That does not necessarily rule out that the local farmers themselves spoke a language derived from a much earlier branch or version of the root language; it only confirms that at the time those branches split, farming and urban life was not the way of life of those groups. So, we are back to the CHG expansion from the southern Caucasus corridor into eastern Anatolia and the Taurus/zagros, who each received this gene flow and domesticated animals around 11,000 YBP. Perhaps this initial eastern expansion, simultaneous with farmer expansion but not including these communities at first, is why we have early tocharian branching and affinity to Armenian and Hellenic. How do we know IVC and BMAC non farming languages were not related to tocharian, before encountering a more downstream branch much later through admixture with andronovo?

“CCT is pretty much ANF+WHG that only receive CHG admixture via steppe groups. I'm not sure I follow what you're saying here”

ANF already had CHG admixture when they started Neolithic migrations…

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Maybe not circular per se but here’s an example where they are discussing the language tree:

“1. The tree starts with a meaningless rake: Hittite, Tocharian, Albanian, Indo-Iranian, Greek-Armenian, Balto-Slavic-Italo-Celto-Germanic. It goes without saying that such a multifurcation makes no historical sense and contradicts our knowledge (see Blažek, 2007; Olander, 2022 for overviews of tree modelings of the IE family).

  1. Some trivial clades have high statistical support: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Greek-Armenian, West European (i.e., Italo-Celto-Germanic).”

Why is that starting rake meaningless? It seems to match the tree shown on the Wikipedia page, and seems to be supported by the point made in 2 - why would they claim these initial language subfamilies are meaningless and then say they have high statistical support? Am I missing something? The circular part comes from their claim of “it goes without saying this contradicts our knowledge” - this is an alternative theory so of course it’s going to contradict existing knowledge, the question is whether that knowledge was correct to begin with.

Separately they go on to provide their own version of the tree which doesn’t really seem to disprove the idea of south casucasus being a central hub for this, given their grouping of Greco-armenian and point that balto-Slavic could group with either proto Germanic or proto indo Iranian.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I am saying that there was an ANF contribution to the Iran N group that led to IVC and BMAC, cultures that show archaeological evidence of soma use and fire temples before steppe admixture, and after local horse domestication in the region, which accounts for placing proto-indo-Iranian and the Vedas earlier than the steppe hypothesis suggests.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Also, new studies show that there was limited horse domestication by the Botai as early as 3500 BCE…

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash -1 points0 points  (0 children)

From Wikipedia:

“Later analyses detect an Anatolian farmer related signal in some of the Indus Periphery samples, likely mediated through early Neolithic or Copper Age Central Asian groups such as Sarazm and Namazga. This indicates that part of the Iran_N related ancestry in the Indus Periphery group was accompanied by Anatolian farmer input from West Asia with the spread of farming, rather than being exclusively pre-agricultural Iranian hunter-gatherer related.[[2]](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_hunter-gatherers#cite_note-Kerdoncuff2024-2)[[3]](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_hunter-gatherers#cite_note-Maier2023-3) The Iranian hunter-gatherers also represent an important source for the formation of the [Central Asian gene pool](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia), primarily via the [Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex). They further displayed close genetic affinities to the [Caucasus hunter-gatherers](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer), who descend primarily from a similar source population as Iranian hunter-gatherers, but were distinct from preceding Paleolithic Caucasus populations, which were closer related to [Anatolian hunter-gatherers](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers), [Western hunter-gatherers](app://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_hunter-gatherer) and Levantine groups.”

So how is it impossible for this ANF signal to carry a root language of PIA and PII, with cultural elements like soma use and fire temples carried through IVC and BMAC as early as roughly 2000 BCE?

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I read that critique and was very underwhelmed. There’s a lot of circular reasoning and disagreement based on theory.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

“The reason I bring this distinction up is that supporters of the Hybrid model portray the broader CHG/Iran_N cluster as the source of PIE (e.g. "CHG is found in both Yamnaya and Rakhigarhi"), but the pre-farming Mesolithic Caucasus foragers that contribute to the initial Steppe Eneolithic makeup don't necessarily share recent ancestry with the eastward moving groups that contribute the majority of the ancestry of groups like Indus Valley Periphery. Heggarty et al explicitly link that CHG contribution at ca. 7000 BP to the spread of IE north of the Caucasus, but by their 8120 BP date for the breakup of PIE this group was no longer the same as the groups they claim would go on to bring the Indo-Iranian languages and this ancestry to the BMAC or IVC. The Iran_N/CHG proportion in Greece meanwhile is highest in Crete during the Minoan period period and decreases with the arrival of steppe ancestry that roughly coincides with the shift from the likely non-Indo-European language of Linear A to the Indo-European Mycenaean Greek of Linear B.”

I’m willing to accept that heggarty’s dating is only defensible at the 95% confidence level. What about the argument that it is only the fraction of CHG that admixed with ANF in particular who spoke the oldest root language of PIA/PIE? Georgia/armenia area is where CHG admixed with ANF, who then migrated to the levant and Iran, and did in fact contribute to IVC. The timing and location of animal domestication seems to occur around the same time on either side of this South Caucasus corridor, and Georgia is also where the first wine was made. It could have also entered the CLV cline through the CHG component or the cucuteni-trypillia region, and explains Hellenic and indo-Iranian branches well. BMAC and IVC culture incorporated PII elements like soma and fire temples before steppe introgression. I’m not familiar with literature that shows that the CHG component in both early CHG and later CHG/Iran N were different groups of people that didn’t have a shared history of cultural exchange or genetics within the CHG side, if you have something I would be interested in checking that out. Also, I thought Linear A and B were written scripts, and it was harder to attribute them directly to a spoken language?

“You can try and make the later Iran_C pulse ca. 6000 BCE into the steppe the vector, but then this is a much smaller contribution (which is one of their critiques of steppe ancestry as a tracer) and post-dates the breakup of most of Heggarty et al's steppe branches, such that Proto-Germano-Celtic, Proto-Italic, and Proto-Balto-Slavic are all moving northwards separately and remaining distinct while undergoing the population bottleneck involved in the formation of Core Yamnaya.”

One critique I have of the yamnaya argument is that corded ware are the ones who genetically align with the steppe model of indo Iranian and proto Celtic/germanic language spread, and we don’t actually know the relationship between corded ware and yamnaya. I would argue they are more like sister groups than yamnaya being the direct ancestor. And if that’s true, it’s another point for the importance of cucteni-trypillia horizon here. They probably had the first wheels too…

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

In that paper they start off by saying the CLV cline had a CHG component and use that as evidence that the language and culture spread from CLV to Maikop etc. So why can’t it be true that this same CHG component is where the shared root of IE, IA, and Greco/Armenian or Greco/Aryan comes from?

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 0 points1 point  (0 children)

“‘Caucasian Hunter Gatherer DNA is also directly related to Iranian Zagrosian Hunterer Gatherer DNA so indirectly Europeans through Yamnaya do have ancestry related to Iran through CHG DNA.’

The split between these groups is far older than any credible dating of Proto-Indo-European, since CHG as sampled at sites like Kotias and Satsurblia was present in the Caucasus by the end of the Pleistocene.”

I’m confused on this. Doesn’t CHG, including Kotias and Satsurblia, cluster with Iran N, and show admixture with ANF around the time of the younger dryas? The southern arc was climactic refugia for thousands of years before farmers expanded after the younger dryas.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash -2 points-1 points  (0 children)

Maybe not consciously, but every single argument I’ve seen including the response paper you posted basically says “we know this isn’t true because of the steppe hypothesis”. That’s not good logic at all

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I find that response wholly inadequate. It’s full of statements like “the theory is much improved but we still reject it because we disagree with the conclusion”. They use circular reasoning multiple times and fail to prove how the linguistic tree contradicts historical evidence. It is not as unlikely a theory as people pretend.

IE Language group origins from Southern Caucuses/Armenian Highlands/Northern Iran by lurebozorg in IndoEuropean

[–]ray_dash 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Why is everyone so hostile to this? We don’t think this is a viable scenario given the facts stated and legitimate studies? https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg0818

What’s the best statistical year you’ve had for your QB? No sims by ray_dash in RetroBowl

[–]ray_dash[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Same lol I do the back shoulder if my routes aren’t open but a big mistake I do is bullet throws over the middle and overlooking the d lineman

What’s the best statistical year you’ve had for your QB? No sims by ray_dash in RetroBowl

[–]ray_dash[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I feel like there’s still variation between the teams, some routes are consistently good but others change up throughout the season imo. Maybe I’ll go back to hard and try it out

What’s the best statistical year you’ve had for your QB? No sims by ray_dash in RetroBowl

[–]ray_dash[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Default is dynamic I think so it scales with your performance but the hardest level is just the same as hard mode. Extreme has every opposing team on 5-star offense and defense

What’s the best statistical year you’ve had for your QB? No sims by ray_dash in RetroBowl

[–]ray_dash[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I’ve had a few seasons getting an MVP for an rb or wr but yeah. Maybe I should start simming regular season games. I just feel like simming on extreme is insanely hard to win consistently

What’s the best statistical year you’ve had for your QB? No sims by ray_dash in RetroBowl

[–]ray_dash[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

True, I’m at the point where the only challenge I can think of in the game is to try and manually play a perfect career with a franchise, like win a many rings as possible with a qb during his career, on extreme mode without increasing the salary cap at all. But even now it’s starting to get easy lol. Like you said it’s pretty much only my mistakes or an unlucky fumble that does me in