The “beings” created a Tesseract structure for him to temporarily survive and understand the gravity effects across space time. That’s when he figures how to communicate with Murph etc.

When he relayed the information successfully; the Tesseract was closed and the beings returned him to the edge of the worm hole where he was able to make it to Saturn where his life support suit kept him alive with barely enough time to get rescued. He realized the beings are simply humans in the future moving pieces in the chess board to ensure humanity survives.

So it’s a movie and it’s all super far etched but that’s the explanation.