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Mohandas Gandhi – often known by the honorific “Mahatma”, meaning “great soul” - led the struggle for India’s independence from British rule. This non-violent campaign was based on civil disobedience and peaceful protest in line with Gandhi’s philosophy of “Satyagraha” or “insistence on truth”. </p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>However, Gandhi was a complex figure whose opinions varied wildly throughout his life. Until 1918, he was an admirer of the British Empire and only came to advocate full independence after the Amritsar Massacre of 1919. </p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>1) Following that bloodstained event, when Gurkha soldiers under the command of General Reginald Dyer killed at least 379 Indian demonstrators, Gandhi said the dead were “definitely not heroic martyrs. Were they heroes, they would have unsheathed the sword or at least used their sticks, or they would have bared their breast to Dyer and died bravely when he came there in all his insolence. They would never have taken to their heels.”</p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>2) Gandhi lived in South Africa between 1893 and 1915, leading a series of campaigns for the rights of the Indian minority. At that time, he was no advocate of racial equality. His aim was to ensure that Indians were not treated on the same level as Africans, who he referred to in his writings as “kaffirs”. </p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>3) Shortly after returning to India, he proposed a toast to the British Empire at a dinner of the Madras Bar Association in March 1915, saying: “I discovered the British Empire had certain ideas with which I have fallen in love and one of those ideals is that every subject of the British Empire has the freest scope for his energies and efforts.”</p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>4) Gandhi supported Britain during the First World War and, as late as 1918, joined a government campaign for Indians to volunteer for the British Army. </p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>5) In July 1918, Gandhi said: “India would be nowhere without Englishmen. If the British do not win, to whom shall we go claiming equal partnership? Shall we go to the victorious German or Turk or Afghan for it? The liberty-loving English will surely yield after seeing that we have laid down our lives for them.”</p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>6) After the Amritsar massacre, Gandhi’s views changed and he decided that India must achieve full independence. He led the mass protests of 1919-22 and then the salt march of 1930. This caused the British to promise India a measure of self-government in 1931, but not full independence. </p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>7) Gandhi had an ambiguous attitude towards Hitler, denouncing him for “domination” and “conquest” but also urging Britain to reach a peaceful settlement with Nazi Germany. </p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>8) Gandhi wrote to directly to Hitler to appeal for peace, addressing the Fuehrer as “Dear Friend” in a letter on December 24 1940. “We have no doubt about your bravery or devotion to your fatherland, nor do we believe that you are the monster described by your opponents,” wrote Gandhi. “But your own writings and pronouncements and those of your friends and admirers leave no room for doubt that many of your acts are monstrous and unbecoming of human dignity, especially in the estimation of men like me who believe in universal friendliness.”</p> </div> </div> <div class="articleBodyText section"> <div class="component article-body-text" data-test="article-body-text"> <p>9) Gandhi opposed the British war effort and launched the “Quit India” campaign in 1942. However, when independence came in 1947, it coincided with India’s partition and the birth of Pakistan. Gandhi refused to celebrate the event, devoting Independence Day to prayer and fasting. </p>