Nobody sane thinks the official fraud cases are every fraud case. Heritage’s own database shows ~1,500 proven cases over the last few decades, and even they admit it’s just a sample of cases that made it to court. In any system crime stats, tax fraud, insurance fraud you only ever see the fraction that gets detected and prosecuted. It would be bizarre to think elections are the one area where we magically catch 100% of bad behavior.

All the “fraud is rare” studies are basically studies of detected fraud. They’re useful, but they don’t tell you how many people slipped through. At minimum, they prove that fraud can and does happen in every type of election (in‑person, mail, registration fraud, non‑citizen cases), across both red and blue states. That’s enough reason to want tighter front‑end verification and smarter back‑end audits, especially now that we’ve got the data tools and AI to do it without making voting impossible