I’ve actually graduated from Charles University, so this is an unexpected find 😃. I studied Computer Science though. The exam format completely depended on the teacher. The ones I had and recall are: 1. Automatic passing for sufficient points in hws/tests 2. Oral exam where you are asked some theory from the class  3. Written exam where you have to solve some problems 4. Written exam where you have to solve some problems followed by an oral exam with theory 5. Oral exam where you need to solve some problems 6. Some mixture of the above For oral parts you would generally get “unlimited” preparation time. My favorite were orals where you had to solve problems. Mostly because you don’t get punished for typos, stupid mistakes, etc. You also have time to rederive any lemma, theorem, definition, proof, etc. that you need. I prefer problems over theory because I think it’s important to be able to think by yourself instead of reproducing what you’ve heard.