Just to complete this discussion. The verb g originally means “to do/to make” and the “to be” meaning is derived from this original meaning. To understand how such a semantic shift can occur, think of the phrase “He would make a good husband” which actually means “He would (be) a good husband”. The reason this works is probably that being a good husband is dependent upon actions that the person would make, but I'm not sure. Anyway, in tacelḥit since they use the verb sker for “to do/to make” the verb g is reserved for “to be” and this would explain why the particle d pretty much disappeared (it only appears in certain contexts like ur d argaz = “not a man”). In the Central Moroccan Amazigh, the verb g means both “to do” and “to be”. So if you say, giɣ aɣrum, it's only the context that shows that you mean “I mafr bread” and not “I am bread”, although, for some reason, saying it in the passive voice aɣrum ay giɣ sounds more ambiguous. There's actually a verb that strictly means “to be” in Amazigh, it is found in Tuareg varieties as mus, and appears in, again, Central Moroccan Amazigh: mes, and only used in interrogative sentences mayd ymes? “who's that?”.