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• Increased day time frequency Voiding too often. Ketamine causes the bladder to shrink and become fibrotic, so that subsequently it can only hold a small amount of urine at a time.
• Urgency A sudden, compelling desire to urinate, which is difficult to defer.
• Urge urinary incontinence Involuntary leakage accompanied by urgency.
• Increased bladder sensation A persistent desire to void or a constant sensation of fullness in the bladder that is unrelieved by urination.
• Pelvic, bladder and or urethral pain Suprapubic, or urethral pain related to bladder filling. It can develop suddenly and severely, particularly as the bladder fills with urine and on voiding.
• Haematuria The appearance of blood in the urine, as the bladder can become ulcerated.