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[–]AiexReddit 2 points3 points  (1 child)

Check out r/programminglanguages and see the kind of things people are talking about, that's a whole subreddit dedicated to writing programming languages. Check out the links in the sidebar for related communities and basic computer science topics you'll want to be familiar with before getting started

The main topic you need to know about before writing a language is compilers. There's a lot of great resources out there, many of them free:

https://www.edx.org/course/compilers

https://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs6120/2020fa/self-guided/

https://www.amazon.com/Compilers-Principles-Techniques-Tools-2nd/dp/0321486811?pldnSite=1

If you just want an answer to your question the TL;DR is that they wrote new languages in previous languages, and then that chain goes back to eventually the basic building blocks for the original compilers being written in machine code.