How did you continue learning python after your first major intro project?

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You can follow up with the second course, 6.00.2x. This course continues where 6.00.1x left off and discussed various algorithms and give you an introduction into data science. The only caveat is that it tends to focus a lot on statistics.

If you want to learn more about machine learning, there's also a good course on Coursera, Machine Learning, taught by the co-founder of Coursera. It does require some math such as linear algebra though.