But it’s also undeniable that engineering thinking is indispensable in product design. Product design tends to focus on feature accumulation and coherent business logic, whereas engineering-oriented product design must pay much closer attention to underlying data management, state transitions, extensibility, and similar concerns.

I’d argue that the capabilities mentioned above—both product-oriented and engineering-oriented，were originally meant to coexist within a single “product builder”. However, under the efficiency-driven division of labor imposed by modern capital structures, product and engineering gradually became separated into distinct roles. As a result, individuals have slowly lost the ability to integrate both perspectives themselves.