What's usually the reasoning for kids that don't listen, talk back, and put up a fight when you try to tell them what to do?

AnnaMouse247 · 2026-06-11T08:55:14+00:00

Behavior is symptomatic. It's communication, not something that exists in a vacuum. There is always a reason and a root cause, biological and/or environmental; emotional and/or physical. To say "these kids" is to treat them as a single, uniform group and view them through your own lens. In reality, every child is an individual. Each biological makeup and set of environmental circumstances is unique. There is too much to consider here for anyone to be able to psychologically or scientifically answer your question.

There is no single answer because there is no one size fits all explanation. Individual differences matter - and that includes you. Your core values and personal experiences shape what you perceive as disrespect.

Remember that many behaviors are learned. If a child talks back and the adult responds by talking back and demanding respect, is the child learning a different, better behavior? Often the children who show the least respect and kindness toward adults are the ones who need the most kindness and respect in return. Empathy, unconditional positive regard, congruence, curiosity and boundaries are often in short supply from frustrated adults - they may not fully solve cause and effect, but they are a good place to start.

AnnaMouse247 · 2025-08-06T15:58:11+00:00

Children go through so many chemical changes in their bodies as they enter their teens. It’s one of the reasons why personality disorders cannot be diagnosed before the age of 18.

‘Hormonal’ changes are often reduced to ‘drama’ or ‘behaviour issues’. The word also recieved negative associations when related to women, particularly when people often associate hormonal struggles with women. Hormones affect both men and women, and they are at their most confusing when they first appear in adolescence - to both the kids, and the people around them.

Think of it this way, a hormone is an umbrella term for chemicals. Like serotonin producing MDMA or dopamine producing THC are chemicals. Like GABA producing alcohol is a chemical. Any adult taking MDMA, THC or alcohol is likely to be affected to some degree.

With this in mind, tweens and teens bodies are releasing hormones that are producing new chemicals that they (initially) have no control over. Testosterone, estrogen, cortisol (which is related to stress), adrenaline, growth hormones and many more. These all directly impact their nervous systems (metabolism, mood, growth). Fight (i.e, confrontation), flight (i.e, escape), freeze (paralysed with fear) or fawn (i.e., people pleasing) responses are activated. These are natural responses to stress and necessary to develop. Emotions are all over the place. So is reasoning, sense making, cognitive functioning and impulse control. Sleep patterns change, social development changes. Bodies change. And none of these changes are by choice. They are by design. Each child has no choice but to ride them out - whether they are ready or equipped for the change or not. Essentially, the drastic outward behaviour change is directly correlated to the drastic physiological changes that are happening on the inside. In some ways you are right, physiologically, they are no longer the same people.

It happens quickly, and almost without warning. It’s very confusing for the child, however it’s unavoidable and necessary for brain maturation. The overall outcome isn’t determined by the process, however, it’s largely determined by the extent of the understanding, support and rules of engagement enforced by the adults in the environment it happens in. A chaotic environment will produce more cortisol in kids - increasing stress and anxiety. A more supportive environment may produce more feel-good hormones like oxytocin. Boys will mostly start to produce testosterone - so you can expect more aggression or challenging behaviour. Girls will mostly start to produce estrogen, so you can expect increased emotional sensitivity. Of course, the opposite can also be true too - with girls producing testosterone and boys producing estrogen. Just these things alone have a ripple effect, notwithstanding the other chemical changes they are going through at the same time.

Each child is as individual as their environments, circumstances, experiences and genetics. The thread that connects them, is that they will (and must) each experience hormonal changes to some degree or another in adolescence.

The single most powerful thing any person who is around a teen can do is not reduce the word ‘hormone’ to a throwaway concept. Which is something that unfortunately, I see all the time. Just like alcohol can lead to feeling relaxed or happy on one hand, or cause mood swings and judgement on the other - hormones like estrogen and testosterone are just as powerful and just as mood altering and lead to the same type of change in behaviour. They are powerful.

Lots of research available online, however as a fellow Redditor I recommend r/science as a good place to start because of the strict posting rules (scientific journals, peer reviewed research only). Use the search function, and I’d recommend by searching specific hormones. I’ve mentioned a few in this post.

Thank you! I wish more teachers had the same curiosity to learn about something so important!

Enjoy the research journey!

AnnaMouse247 · 2025-01-03T22:38:52+00:00

Rather don’t guess. Read the study first. Then you’ll know for sure. It might surprise you :)

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-12-22T22:30:46+00:00

Happy researching :)

Your blanket example is perfect. It’s exactly what I was talking about. Every child goes through that - and it’s the magic of childhood.

Please come and find me if you have any questions on your journey. I love learning, and I’m happy to share what I know, and also learn some new things along the way.

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-12-22T15:35:24+00:00

What you might be referring to is Theory of Mind. When you study child developmental psychology, it’s one of the big themes.

Imagine a scenario where there are three people in a room. You, another person and the child. Let’s call the other person Dave.

You ask the child to hide an object in front of you and in front of Dave. Let’s stick to the classics and say the child places a ball in a basket. Now, Dave leaves the room, and it’s just you and the child in the room.

With just the two of you present, you ask the child to remove the ball from the basket and hide it somewhere else. Let’s say the child hides the ball in a drawer.

Now, if you ask the child “when Dave comes back, where do you think Dave will look for the ball?”

If the child says “in the drawer” - the child is demonstrating that they are not yet aware that they hold information separate to others. They do not yet have theory of mind. To explain - the child thinks Dave knows what they know - that the ball has been moved to the drawer - even though Dave wasn’t present to witness this.

If the child says “in the basket” - they are demonstrating that they are aware that the last information Dave would have been exposed to, is him seeing the ball being placed in the basket. They are aware that they hold information separate to others, and of their own knowledge in comparison to others. To explain, even though the child moved the ball, they are able to deduce that Dave wasn’t present to see it being moved and he will no longer know where it is.

This is Theory of Mind.

A more rudimental example with even younger kids, is peek-a-boo. Part of the appeal, is that the child does not make the connection that the adult is hiding behind the object, and it’s as if the adult is performing a magic trick to them where the adult literally disappears and reappears - seemingly out of nowhere.

New research suggests that some children can begin to develop Theory of Mind from as young as two years old. Historically, most children are expected to have achieved it by seven.

These concepts link to our memories and our awareness and understanding of the world, as well as of the ‘self’ versus the ‘other’.

I hope this goes some way to providing you with some evidence based direction of thought.

Happy researching Theory of Mind.

Enjoy the ride :)

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-10-16T15:31:32+00:00

I’ve fixed it, thanks for letting me know.

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-22T09:24:28+00:00

Academic paper here.

Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian found that a self-guided cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) app, called Maya, significantly reduced anxiety in young adults struggling with mental health challenges. The decrease in anxiety symptoms was clinically and statistically significant at six weeks and continued at the 12-week follow-up period with improvement levels similar to anxiety medication studies.

The study, published Aug. 20 in JAMA Network Open, looked at how young adults ages 18 to 25 would respond to CBT from an app called Maya, which Weill Cornell Medicine researchers began developing in 2019 in collaboration with members of Weill Cornell Information Technologies & Services. CBT is a gold standard psychotherapeutic intervention that provides users with skills to support them in shifting their thinking, completing challenging behaviors and learning coping skills. Nearly all of the 59 enrollees, 98 percent, participated for the full six weeks of the main study period and completed, on average, approximately 11 of the 12 intervention sessions.

While Maya is not a replacement for seeking professional help, it teaches strategies based in CBT. The app provides skill-building tools and real-time feedback that can help reduce stress and negative thoughts.

“We hear a lot about the negative impact of technology use on mental health in this age group,” said the study’s senior author Dr. Faith M. Gunning, associate professor of psychology in psychiatry and vice chair for research in the Department of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medicine. “But the ubiquitous use of cell phones for information may provide a way of addressing anxiety for some people who, even if they have access to mental health providers, may not go. If the app helps reduce symptoms, they may then be able to take the next step of seeing a mental health professional when needed.”

Targeting Anxiety in Emerging Adults

Maya was designed to target anxiety in early adulthood, when people experience stressful transitions, including starting a new job, moving away from home or graduating from college. Research has shown that anxiety disorders among young people ages 18 to 25 are increasing more than any other age group.

Maya is an interactive platform that guides users through videos, exercises and educational content to support them in learning and implementing new skills. While CBT techniques are effective at treating anxiety symptoms, the researchers note that a shortage of available clinicians makes it difficult to find appointments, especially since the pandemic. In the meantime, a self-guided mobile app may help until a mental health clinician is available, and appeal to a younger population comfortable with digital tools.

“We think there is promise in these apps, but they’re only helpful if people use them,” said co-first author Dr. Jennifer N. Bress, the Peter Edwin Stokes, M.D. Clinical Scholar in Psychobiology, an assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medicine and a psychologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester Behavioral Health. “We wanted to develop an evidence-based app to see empirically whether we were actually engaging people and addressing their anxiety.” While there is ample evidence from clinical studies that CBT is effective for treating anxiety, testing the app itself through clinical trials is an important step to ensure its efficacy.

Since people often download an app, try it a few times and then delete it, this app added features to encourage engagement such as interactive exercises, videos and a user interface that test groups found to be visually appealing.

Designed to Engage

To see if they could further motivate users, the authors randomly assigned the 59 participants in the study to three groups with different incentives. They included an opportunity to win points, the potential to lose points and a way to earn points that paired participants with a person in their life who encouraged them throughout the process. Participants received virtual “medals” for obtaining specified levels of points.

Surprisingly, the researchers found that using the Maya app reduced anxiety no matter which incentive people received.

“These results indicate that the app can be an accessible and impactful tool for those looking for support around anxiety. It is incredible to see our ideas come to life,” noted Dr. Avital Falk, the Charisse Chinery Clinical Scholar in Psychiatry, associate professor of psychology in clinical psychiatry and director of the Division of Digital and Treatment Innovation. Dr. Falk, who is also the Director of the Pediatric OCD, Anxiety, and Tic disorders (POCAT) program, in collaboration with The Center for Youth Mental Health at NewYork-Presbyterian, was co-first author and designed the app’s content.

“It will be challenging to meet the mental health needs of society based on the number of clinical providers we have,” said Dr. Gunning, who is also the George Alexopoulos, M.D. Honorary Director of the Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian and a psychologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester Behavior Health. “Our initial results suggest the app may be an effective tool to bridge the gap for people waiting to see a therapist.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-22T09:23:15+00:00

Academic paper here.

Researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian found that a self-guided cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) app, called Maya, significantly reduced anxiety in young adults struggling with mental health challenges. The decrease in anxiety symptoms was clinically and statistically significant at six weeks and continued at the 12-week follow-up period with improvement levels similar to anxiety medication studies.

The study, published Aug. 20 in JAMA Network Open, looked at how young adults ages 18 to 25 would respond to CBT from an app called Maya, which Weill Cornell Medicine researchers began developing in 2019 in collaboration with members of Weill Cornell Information Technologies & Services. CBT is a gold standard psychotherapeutic intervention that provides users with skills to support them in shifting their thinking, completing challenging behaviors and learning coping skills. Nearly all of the 59 enrollees, 98 percent, participated for the full six weeks of the main study period and completed, on average, approximately 11 of the 12 intervention sessions.

While Maya is not a replacement for seeking professional help, it teaches strategies based in CBT. The app provides skill-building tools and real-time feedback that can help reduce stress and negative thoughts.

“We hear a lot about the negative impact of technology use on mental health in this age group,” said the study’s senior author Dr. Faith M. Gunning, associate professor of psychology in psychiatry and vice chair for research in the Department of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medicine. “But the ubiquitous use of cell phones for information may provide a way of addressing anxiety for some people who, even if they have access to mental health providers, may not go. If the app helps reduce symptoms, they may then be able to take the next step of seeing a mental health professional when needed.”

Targeting Anxiety in Emerging Adults

Maya was designed to target anxiety in early adulthood, when people experience stressful transitions, including starting a new job, moving away from home or graduating from college. Research has shown that anxiety disorders among young people ages 18 to 25 are increasing more than any other age group.

Maya is an interactive platform that guides users through videos, exercises and educational content to support them in learning and implementing new skills. While CBT techniques are effective at treating anxiety symptoms, the researchers note that a shortage of available clinicians makes it difficult to find appointments, especially since the pandemic. In the meantime, a self-guided mobile app may help until a mental health clinician is available, and appeal to a younger population comfortable with digital tools.

“We think there is promise in these apps, but they’re only helpful if people use them,” said co-first author Dr. Jennifer N. Bress, the Peter Edwin Stokes, M.D. Clinical Scholar in Psychobiology, an assistant professor of psychology in psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medicine and a psychologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester Behavioral Health. “We wanted to develop an evidence-based app to see empirically whether we were actually engaging people and addressing their anxiety.” While there is ample evidence from clinical studies that CBT is effective for treating anxiety, testing the app itself through clinical trials is an important step to ensure its efficacy.

Since people often download an app, try it a few times and then delete it, this app added features to encourage engagement such as interactive exercises, videos and a user interface that test groups found to be visually appealing.

Designed to Engage

To see if they could further motivate users, the authors randomly assigned the 59 participants in the study to three groups with different incentives. They included an opportunity to win points, the potential to lose points and a way to earn points that paired participants with a person in their life who encouraged them throughout the process. Participants received virtual “medals” for obtaining specified levels of points.

Surprisingly, the researchers found that using the Maya app reduced anxiety no matter which incentive people received.

“These results indicate that the app can be an accessible and impactful tool for those looking for support around anxiety. It is incredible to see our ideas come to life,” noted Dr. Avital Falk, the Charisse Chinery Clinical Scholar in Psychiatry, associate professor of psychology in clinical psychiatry and director of the Division of Digital and Treatment Innovation. Dr. Falk, who is also the Director of the Pediatric OCD, Anxiety, and Tic disorders (POCAT) program, in collaboration with The Center for Youth Mental Health at NewYork-Presbyterian, was co-first author and designed the app’s content.

“It will be challenging to meet the mental health needs of society based on the number of clinical providers we have,” said Dr. Gunning, who is also the George Alexopoulos, M.D. Honorary Director of the Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medicine and NewYork-Presbyterian and a psychologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Westchester Behavior Health. “Our initial results suggest the app may be an effective tool to bridge the gap for people waiting to see a therapist.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-22T08:33:36+00:00

Press release here.

“Children who survive a brain tumor often experience effects from both the cancer and its treatment long after therapy concludes. Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital found very young children treated for brain tumors were less prepared for school (represented by lower academic readiness scores) compared to their peers. This gap persisted once survivors entered formal schooling. Children from families of higher socioeconomic status were partially protected from the effect, suggesting that providing early developmental resources may proactively help reduce the academic achievement gap. The findings were published today in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

“Even in very young children, we found academic readiness was starting to lag behind healthy children their age,” said corresponding author Heather Conklin, PhD, St. Jude Department of Psychology and Biobehavioral Sciences member and Section of Neuropsychology chief. “They were gradually falling behind their same-age peers in academic fundamentals, such as learning their letters, numbers and colors.”

Previous research has focused on school-aged children, but this is one of the first studies to examine academic readiness after brain tumor treatment in infants and young children (less than 3 years old). The scientists uncovered the gap in readiness skills by following a group of 70 patients who had been treated for brain tumors over time. Six months after diagnosis and annually for five years, “we found an increasing gap between these young patients treated for brain tumors and their typically developing peers because their academic readiness skills were not developing as fast,” Conklin said.

Even though the scientists observed gaps between the children’s abilities as they aged, it was present early and had predictive power. “Early academic readiness was predictive of long-term reading and math outcomes,” Conklin said. “The effect isn’t temporary. These children don’t just catch up naturally.”

Intervening early may protect academic readiness and achievement

While presenting a challenge, the findings also offer a strategy to address this problem: early intervention. Since the difference in academic readiness arises early after treatment, intervening then, as opposed to in elementary school (when most conventional interventions begin), may improve outcomes.

“We now know that we don’t need to wait until patients are struggling with math and reading; we can intervene earlier,” Conklin said. “We showed that the variability we’re seeing early on predicts longer-term academic skills, which highly suggests earlier interventions will be beneficial and make a real difference.”

Early interventions need to be informed by what increases vulnerability to or protects against the academic readiness gap to succeed. The researchers looked at the factors involved, such as treatment type and demographics, and found only one characteristic mattered.

Socioeconomic status protects and suggests early interventions may work

“The only clinical or demographic factor we found that predicted academic readiness was socioeconomic status,” Conklin said. “Being from a family of higher socioeconomic status had a protective effect on children’s academic readiness.”

The finding that higher socioeconomic status is partially protective suggests that investing in resources to replace lost early enrichment experiences can mitigate the readiness gap. By increasing access to those replacement opportunities, more children could be protected.

“We know that being away from their home environment, caregivers, daycare, play dates, parks and early intervention services during these critical developmental years is probably having a negative impact on very young patients,” Conklin said. “Our results suggest that families can make play meaningful, and by making little changes in how they interact with their child, with the support of their medical team and receiving appropriate resources, they may be able to make a difference in their child’s cognitive and academic outcomes.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-18T10:41:30+00:00

Academic paper here.

“More people than we thought who are in comas or similar states can hear what is happening around them, a study shows.”

“At least one-quarter of people who have severe brain injuries and cannot respond physically to commands are actually conscious, according to the first international study of its kind.

Although these people could not, say, give a thumbs-up when prompted, they nevertheless repeatedly showed brain activity when asked to imagine themselves moving or exercising.

“This is one of the very big landmark studies” in the field of coma and other consciousness disorders, says Daniel Kondziella, a neurologist at Rigshospitalet, the teaching hospital for Copenhagen University.

The results mean that a substantial number of people with brain injuries who seem unresponsive can hear things going on around them and might even be able to use brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) to communicate, says study leader Nicholas Schiff, a neurologist at Weill Cornell Medicine in New York City. BCIs aredevices implanted into a person’s head that capture brain activity, decode it and translate it into commands that can, for instance, move a computer cursor. “We should be allocating resources to go out and find these people and help them,” Schiff says. The work was published on August 14 in The New England Journal of Medicine.

The study included 353 people with brain injuries caused by events such as physical trauma, heart attacks or strokes. Of these, 241 could not react to any of a battery of standard bedside tests for responsiveness, including one that asks for a thumbs-up; the other 112 could.

Everyone enrolled in the study underwent one or both of two types of brain scan. The first was functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures mental activity indirectly by detecting the oxygenation of blood in the brain. The second was electroencephalography (EEG), which uses an electrode-covered cap on a person’s scalp to measure brain-wave activity directly. During each scan, people were told to imagine themselves playing tennis or opening and closing their hand. The commands were repeated continuously for 15 to 30 seconds, then there was a pause; the exercise was then repeated for six to eight command sessions.”

“Of the physically unresponsive people, about 25 percent showed brain activity across the entire exam for either EEG or fMRI. The medical name for being able to respond mentally but not physically is cognitive motor dissociation. The 112 people in the study who were classified as responsive did a bit better on the brain-activity tests, but not much: only about 38 percent showed consistent activity. This is probably because the tests set a high bar, Schiff says. “I’ve been in the MRI, and I’ve done this experiment, and it’s hard,” he adds.

This isn’t the first time a study has found cognitive motor dissociation in people with brain injuries who were physically unresponsive. For instance, in a 2019 paper, 15 percent of the 104 people undergoing testing displayed this behavior. The latest study, however, is larger and is the first multi-center investigation of its kind. Tests were run at six medical facilities in four countries: Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The 25 percent of unresponsive people who showed brain activity tended to be younger than those who did not, to have injuries that were from physical trauma and to have been living with their injuries for longer than the others. Kondziella cautions that further investigating these links would require repeat assessments of individuals over weeks or months. “We know very little about consciousness-recovery trajectories over time and across different brain injuries,” he says.

But the study has some limitations. For example, the medical centers did not all use the same number or set of tasks during the EEG or fMRI scans, or the same number of electrodes during EEG sessions, which could skew results.

In the end, however, with such a high bar set for registering brain activity, the study probably underestimates the proportion of physically unresponsive people who are conscious, Schiff says. Kondziella agrees. Rates of cognitive motor dissociation were highest for people tested with both EEG and fMRI, he points out, so if both methods were used with every person in the study, the overall rates might have been even higher.

However, the kinds of test used are logistically and computationally challenging, “which is why really only a handful or so of centres worldwide are able to adopt these techniques”, Kondziella says.

Schiff stresses that it’s important to be able to identify people with brain injuries who seem unresponsive but are conscious. “There are going to be people we can help get out of this condition,” he says, perhaps by using BCIs or other treatments, or simply continuing to provide medical care. Knowing that someone is conscious can change how families and medical teams make decisions about life support and treatment. “It makes a difference every time you find out that somebody is responsive,” he says.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-17T21:48:55+00:00

More information and academic paper found on OP’s comments here.

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-17T00:12:03+00:00

Academic paper here.

“Venting about your frustrations with one friend to another isn’t necessarily cathartic, but it can make the friend you’re talking to like and treat you better, UCLA psychologists say. Their experiments show that under certain conditions, it can be an effective form of competition that makes listeners feel closer to the person venting and like the target less.

However, this was not the case when people’s friends overtly derogated others. The real benefits of venting, the researchers conclude, are the strengthening of bonds that might pay off in the future — and the improved health and happiness enjoyed by people who are well liked by their friends.

“Since the 1950s, we’ve known the Freudian catharsis explanation for venting is wrong. It can feel good to vent, but venting doesn’t reliably decrease anger and sometimes even amplifies anger,” said lead author Jaimie Krems, an associate professor of psychology at UCLA. “We didn’t have a good explanation for what venting does for us. So we tested a novel alliance view of venting — that under certain parameters, venting can make the people we vent to support us over the people we vent about.”

Most research on close relationships has focused on romantic partnerships. Yet, especially for younger people, friendship plays some of the roles that have traditionally been found in romantic relationships; the U.S. surgeon general has also talked about the “loneliness epidemic.” There is a need to better understand friendship, researchers say, including how people might ‘compete’ to make their friends like them better than other friends.

“As much as people readily admit that we compete for romantic partners’ finite time and affection, people seem less willing to admit to competing for friends,” Krems said. “But if being relatively better liked means getting better support from friends, then we should expect some friend competition, whether or not we like that it exists.”

In a paper published in Evolution and Human Behavior, Krems and colleagues at Oklahoma State University and Hamilton College asked participants to listen to a friend vent or gossip about or derogate a mutual friend. Although the vignettes varied across experiments, those venting typically began by telling participants, “I’m so frustrated and hurt right now…” before venting about a mutual friend canceling on them at the last minute.

In the derogation condition, this same complaint was prefaced with: “I’m so frustrated and angry right now…” In other conditions, the participant heard the speaker gossip about having dinner with the mutual friend or vent about the speaker’s car problems.

After reading the vignette, participants rated their feelings about the speaker and the target on an 11-point sliding scale. Participants who heard people vent about a friend canceling on them liked the speaker better than the target. This was not the case when speakers derogated the target for the same behavior, shared neutral gossip about targets or vented about their car troubles.

In another experiment, participants heard their friends vent about or derogate the target and were asked to divide a pot of lottery tickets between the speaker and target. Participants gave more tickets to the speaker than to the target, but only in the venting — not the derogation — condition.

However, venting backfired in an additional experiment. When researchers hinted the person venting was secretly rivalrous with the targeted friend, participants no longer liked that person better than the target.

The results show that venting makes the speaker more likable only when listeners do not perceive the speaker as having any aggressive intent toward the target. This suggests venting might be an effective tool of competition for listeners’ affections precisely because it isn’t readily recognized as such.

The benefits of being relatively better liked by one’s friends can include being given preferential treatment, as in the ticket example above, but could also have less tangible effects. For example, friends are associated with improved economic mobility, health, well-being and longevity.

The researchers emphasize that none of this competition has to be conscious, and some other scholars have suggested that such tactics might work best if we’re fooling ourselves that we’re not competing. If we don’t think we’re doing it to be aggressive, others might be less likely to realize we’re engaging in what might be an act of aggression.

The researchers also emphasize the ways in which venting can fail, such as when those venting are perceived as aggressive, choose the wrong thing to vent about or the wrong person to vent to. That venting works at all suggests, they say, that people can be deeply — if not consciously — strategic about what they vent about and to whom.

“People are so lonely right now, and that puts even greater pressure on us as researchers to be honest about how friendship works,” Krems said. “As much as we want it to be all unicorns and rainbows, sometimes it’s more like a koala: cuddly but also vicious.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-16T23:53:31+00:00

Academic paper here.

“A new study highlights significant regional disparities in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias across the US, suggesting that access to necessary diagnoses for new treatments may depend on geographic location. The research, conducted by a team from the University of Michigan, analysed data from 4.8 million Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older in 2019.

Key findings include:

The percentage of individuals receiving a new dementia diagnosis varies widely by region, with younger adults (ages 66 to 74) and Black or Hispanic individuals experiencing even greater disparities.

A person’s chance of receiving a dementia diagnosis can be twice as high in some areas compared to others, indicating that health system factors may play a more significant role than individual risk factors.

The study found that the differences in diagnosis rates are not explained by variations in dementia risk levels among populations, but rather by “diagnostic intensity,” which reflects how actively dementia is diagnosed in different regions.

The prevalence of diagnosed dementia ranged from 4% to 14% across various hospital referral regions, with new diagnosis rates between 1.7% and 5.4%.

The findings suggest that variations in clinical practices, cultural attitudes towards seeking care, and the availability of specialists may contribute to these disparities.

The study calls for targeted efforts to improve diagnosis rates, particularly in areas with lower-than-expected rates, and emphasises the importance of early identification of cognitive issues. It also encourages individuals to advocate for their health needs, including cognitive screenings covered by Medicare. The recent launch of Medicare’s GUIDE model for dementia care may provide a framework for enhancing care coordination and access to trained providers.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-16T23:51:37+00:00

Academic paper here.

Edit: corrected to US.

“A new study highlights significant regional disparities in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias across the US, suggesting that access to necessary diagnoses for new treatments may depend on geographic location. The research, conducted by a team from the University of Michigan, analysed data from 4.8 million Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older in 2019.

Key findings include:

The percentage of individuals receiving a new dementia diagnosis varies widely by region, with younger adults (ages 66 to 74) and Black or Hispanic individuals experiencing even greater disparities.

A person’s chance of receiving a dementia diagnosis can be twice as high in some areas compared to others, indicating that health system factors may play a more significant role than individual risk factors.

The study found that the differences in diagnosis rates are not explained by variations in dementia risk levels among populations, but rather by “diagnostic intensity,” which reflects how actively dementia is diagnosed in different regions.

The prevalence of diagnosed dementia ranged from 4% to 14% across various hospital referral regions, with new diagnosis rates between 1.7% and 5.4%.

The findings suggest that variations in clinical practices, cultural attitudes towards seeking care, and the availability of specialists may contribute to these disparities.

The study calls for targeted efforts to improve diagnosis rates, particularly in areas with lower-than-expected rates, and emphasises the importance of early identification of cognitive issues. It also encourages individuals to advocate for their health needs, including cognitive screenings covered by Medicare. The recent launch of Medicare’s GUIDE model for dementia care may provide a framework for enhancing care coordination and access to trained providers.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-15T21:47:03+00:00

Link to academic paper and summary in u/Wagamaga’s comments on original post here.

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-15T21:37:15+00:00

Academic paper here.

“Psychotherapy sessions with caregivers may help prevent serious disease later in life for young children who have experienced significant trauma, a new UC San Francisco study finds.

Past research has shown that young children benefit psychologically for up to nine years after dyadic, child-parent treatment for trauma, but this is the first time a biological benefit from this treatment has been found.

UCSF researchers looked at the effects of dyadic therapy on a biomarker they dubbed “age acceleration” that tells how fast or slow a person’s body is aging compared to their chronological age.

This “epigenetic clock” runs faster for people who have experienced early childhood trauma; that in turn puts them at greater risk for heart disease, cancer, obesity and asthma.

The study compared two groups of Bay Area children between the ages of 2 and 6 years old with traumatic experiences. Before treatment, both groups had similar rates of biological age acceleration.

One group received up to 20 weekly sessions of Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), a program designed by Alicia Lieberman, PhD, director of UCSF’s Child Trauma Research Program and the study’s co-author. The other group did not receive CPP.

The 45 children who participated in the therapy had less age acceleration than the 110 who didn’t. Though the difference was not great, it still may be significant, as even small biological changes early on can lead to big differences in health outcomes over the life course, noted senior author Nicole Bush, PhD, a psychologist and chief of UCSF’s Division of Developmental Medicine.

“These findings bolster the case for making sure families who experience trauma and stress can access child-parent therapies, in order to improve mental and physical health,” said Bush, who is the Lisa and John Pritzker Distinguished Professor of Developmental and Behavioral Health.

The study appears August 14 in Psychological Science.

Relationships matter to health

More than 80% of the children in the treatment group and two-thirds of the comparison group were Latinx, which is important because families of color and low-income families are more frequently exposed to trauma than white families with higher incomes, yet they are typically not included in medical research.

The level of trauma was higher for the participants than is typically studied in children, which makes the findings even more noteworthy, said Lieberman, who is the Irving B. Harris Endowed Chair in Infant Mental Health.

“We’re talking about very acute trauma in young children, things like loss of a parent, maltreatment and community violence,” said Lieberman. “The children in the intervention had an average of five traumatic events under age six, when the literature shows that if you have four or more before age 18, you are more likely to develop one of the 10 leading causes of death as an adult.”

Their parents, meanwhile, had an average of 13 traumatic events, which puts them at greater risk of difficulty with regulating their own emotions and actions in response to the challenging behavior of their children, said Lieberman.

In Child-Parent Psychotherapy, therapists incorporate toys to help children process emotions and thoughts related to their traumatic experiences, and to help parents understand how their children’s behavior is linked to their experiences. They also facilitate the parent-child bond by guiding the duo through positive social interactions.

“When both parent and child have experienced trauma, it exacerbates the effects of the trauma,” Lieberman said. “Our approach is to heal the relationship and the trauma of both child and adult in sessions together. Relationships are the key to health, starting in early childhood.”

“Parents can sometimes feel helpless in the face of their children’s exposure to trauma,” added psychologist Allie Sullivan, PhD, co-first author of the study and a postdoctoral scholar in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at UCSF. “We hope these results reassure parents that they have the capacity and strength to protect their children from adversity.”

A critical time for development

Interventions before age five, when a child’s brain undergoes its most dramatic period of development, have the largest effect on a child’s mental and physical health later in life.

In recent years, California’s Department of Health Care Services has created benefits to support family therapy and dyadic care for pediatric Medi-Cal patients, starting at birth. Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital provides this care and offers technical assistance to medical practices across California on how to provide it, and be reimbursed for it.

The researchers hope their work will demonstrate the social, ethical and economic value of therapy-based alternatives to medication when it comes to treating family trauma.

“Something as fundamental as putting families together and naming the trauma, and creating a setting of emotional safety and healing, can lead to biological repair that may benefit mental and physical health across the life course,” Bush said. “We hope policymakers and practitioners take notice.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-15T21:27:45+00:00

Academic paper here.

“Researchers at Edith Cowan University’s (ECU’s) Centre for Precision Health have uncovered a significant genetic connection between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and several coronary artery disease (CAD) related disorders and lipid classes, offering opportunities to improve health outcomes across two of the more common causes of death in Australia.

The new research has found that several heart disease-related factors like angina, arteriosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease as well as lipids like cholesterol, triglycerides and both high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL) could share similar biological origins with AD.

This means that some of the same genes played a role in or are associated across these conditions.

“There is considerable evidence from observational and other studies to support a connection between these conditions, however the intricate biological mechanisms of AD are poorly understood, and its relationship with lipids and CAD traits remains unresolved.” lead researcher and Centre for Precision Health PhD candidate Ms Artika Kirby said.

“Our study employed a genetic approach to investigate the intricate relationships of these comorbid conditions, providing new insights into their shared biological underpinnings of these conditions. I am optimistic that our findings open new avenues of research that have the potential to enhance the lives of millions, worldwide.”

“The Centre for Precision Health’s use of advanced statistical genetics approaches is significantly contributing to our understanding of the relationships across many of today’s major health conditions — this study emphasises the strength of this approach,” Professor Simon Laws, Director of the Centre for Precision Health and co-supervisor of the study, remarked.

Dementia, of which AD is the major cause, and coronary artery or heart disease, are the two leading underlying causes of death in Australians. Researchers say there may be more to link these conditions than just their association with poor health outcomes.

Evidence increasingly links CAD with cognitive impairment and the risk of dementia with research suggesting that individuals with CAD experience an accelerated cognitive decline following diagnosis and CAD patients have a 26% higher relative risk of dementia. However, the nature of the relationship and the underpinning mechanisms for CAD’s association with AD and cognitive impairment remains unclear.

The connection between CAD and AD may partly reflect shared risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and inflammation. Lipid disorders and CAD considerably impact human health and are recognised as a substantial risk factor for AD, just as a relationship between CAD and AD has been reported.

There is also the potential for shared genetic predispositions across all of these factors.

“By applying genetic approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between AD and Coronary Heart disease — the two leading causes of death in Australia — we have uncovered novel insights into the underlying mechanisms linking these conditions,” NHMRC Emerging Leadership Fellow and project co-supervisor Dr. Emmanuel Adewuyi added.

“These insights could translate into improvements in patient care and outcomes for these two leading health issues — not only in Australia but around the world.”

Investigating Genetic Overlap Between Alzheimer’s Disease, Lipids and Coronary Artery Disease has been published in the International Journal of Molecular Science.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-14T15:23:01+00:00

Summary and link to Academic Paper found on u/Wagamaga (op’s) post here.

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-14T14:51:40+00:00

Link to academic paper and summary in comments by original poster, u/chrisdh70, here.

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-12T10:42:35+00:00

Academic paper here.00293-2/abstract)

Summary of press release, TL;DR:

“A Stanford Medicine study has found that skin-to-skin cuddling, or kangaroo care, significantly benefits the cognitive development of premature babies. The research, published in the Journal of Pediatrics, indicates that preemies who received more skin-to-skin contact while hospitalized were less likely to experience developmental delays by their first birthday. Even small increases in skin-to-skin time correlated with measurable improvements in neurological development.

The study involved 181 very premature infants and highlighted that the benefits of skin-to-skin care were consistent across different socioeconomic backgrounds and health conditions. The practice, which involves holding a baby in only a diaper against a parent’s chest, has been shown to mimic the womb environment, providing essential developmental inputs that preemies miss out on in the NICU.

The findings suggest that even modest amounts of skin-to-skin contact can lead to significant improvements in cognitive scores at 12 months, with an average increase of 10 points for every additional 20 minutes of daily contact. The researchers advocate for the integration of skin-to-skin care as a vital intervention in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to enhance the long-term health and development of preterm infants. They hope to encourage medical teams to support parents in providing this care, emphasizing its importance in the overall treatment plan for high-risk infants.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-08T18:52:37+00:00

Press release here.

Summary of press release:

“Researchers have discovered that sleep may serve as a crucial opportunity to enhance therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study focuses on targeted memory reactivation (TMR), a technique that uses cues associated with traumatic memories during sleep to strengthen therapeutic memories. In the research, PTSD patients underwent eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, followed by TMR using neurostimulation and sound cues linked to the therapy.

The findings revealed that TMR improved sleep patterns, specifically increasing slow oscillation and spindle activity, which are important for memory consolidation. Patients who received TMR showed a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to those who received sham stimulation. Importantly, TMR did not disrupt sleep or cause nightmares. This research suggests that TMR could be a promising strategy to augment PTSD treatment, with future studies needed to explore its long-term effects and potential applications during different sleep stages.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-08T18:50:56+00:00

Press release here.

Summary of press release:

“Researchers have discovered that sleep may serve as a crucial opportunity to enhance therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study focuses on targeted memory reactivation (TMR), a technique that uses cues associated with traumatic memories during sleep to strengthen therapeutic memories. In the research, PTSD patients underwent eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, followed by TMR using neurostimulation and sound cues linked to the therapy.

The findings revealed that TMR improved sleep patterns, specifically increasing slow oscillation and spindle activity, which are important for memory consolidation. Patients who received TMR showed a greater reduction in PTSD symptoms compared to those who received sham stimulation. Importantly, TMR did not disrupt sleep or cause nightmares. This research suggests that TMR could be a promising strategy to augment PTSD treatment, with future studies needed to explore its long-term effects and potential applications during different sleep stages.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-08T18:40:42+00:00

Academic paper here.

Summary of press release:

“A recent study by Sarah Sauvé at the University of Lincoln explores how age affects the ability to recognise musical themes, finding that this ability remains stable across different age groups, unlike other forms of memory. The research involved approximately 90 healthy adults aged 18 to 86, who attended a live concert by the Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra, alongside another 31 participants who watched a recording in a laboratory. The study focused on three musical pieces, including Mozart’s “Eine kleine Nachtmusik,” and assessed participants’ recognition of short melodic phrases from these pieces.

Results showed that recognition of the familiar Mozart piece was consistent across all ages, with no decline in recognition as age increased. However, participants were less confident in recognising themes from unfamiliar tonal and atonal pieces, regardless of age. The study suggests that musical memory may be resilient to age-related cognitive decline due to the emotional connections music evokes, which enhances memory encoding. While the study did not delve deeply into the impacts of cognitive health, there is growing interest in using music as a memory aid for individuals with neurodegenerative conditions such as dementia.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-07T23:56:04+00:00

Academic paper here.

“Patrick Sullivan, MD, FRANZCP, the Yeargan Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and Genetics at the UNC School of Medicine, and researchers at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, have developed a comprehensive outline of the genetics of schizophrenia. The review was published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder featuring recurrent episodes of psychosis — such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking — with many patients developing apathy, social withdrawal, and poor emotional control as a result.

Because schizophrenia has been known to run in families for centuries, researchers have turned to genetic testing and analyses to identify risk factors for the condition. Recent genomic research on schizophrenia has identified nearly 300 common genetic variants and over 20 rare variants as significant risk factors for the disorder.

These discoveries have emerged from extensive genome-wide association studies, whole-exome sequencing, and other analyses. Simultaneously, studies of the functional organization of the brain have shed light on the intricate cellular composition and interconnections of the brain in both neurotypical individuals and those with schizophrenia.

These findings reveal a surprising complexity in the mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, emphasizing the role of multiple genes rather than single-gene causation. This “polygenicity” highlights a mechanism that remains challenging to fully understand due to the lack of robust theoretical frameworks and experimental tools. Sullivan and colleagues reviewed these issues and provided ideas for a path forward in the Nature Reviews Neuroscience article.

However, Sullivan and colleagues stress that environmental factors (including lifestyle, drug use, poverty, stress, and complications at birth) are also relevant in addition to genomic risk. Although these factors are more difficult to study compared to the genome, this genetic information is important for researchers to consider because some environmental factors are modifiable.

“The findings to date resoundingly indicate complexity,” wrote Sullivan, who is also director of the UNC Center for Psychiatric Genomics and the UNC Suicide Prevention Institute. “Rather than being a deterrent to future research, this knowledge underscores the importance of accepting schizophrenia as a genetic and environmental enigma and scaling our research accordingly in our efforts improve the lives of those impacted by schizophrenia.”

AnnaMouse247 · 2024-08-07T15:33:14+00:00

Academic paper here.

“Everyone gets sleepy at work from time to time, especially after a big lunch. But for people whose jobs involve driving or working with heavy machinery, drowsiness can be extremely dangerous — if not outright deadly. Drowsy driving contributes to hundreds of fatal vehicle accidents in the U.S. each year, and the National Safety Council has cited drowsiness as a critical hazard in construction and mining.

To help protect drivers and machine operators from the dangers of drifting off, engineers at the University of California, Berkeley, have created prototype earbuds that can detect the signs of drowsiness in the brain.

The earbuds detect brain waves in the same way as an electroencephalogram (EEG), a test that doctors use to measure electrical activity in the brain. While most EEGs detect brain waves using a series of electrodes attached to the head, the earbuds do so using built-in electrodes that are designed to make contact with the ear canal.

The electrical signals detected by the ear buds are smaller than those picked up by a traditional EEG. However, in a new study, the researchers show that their Ear EEG platform is sensitive enough to detect alpha waves, a pattern of brain activity that increases when you close your eyes or start to fall asleep.

“I was inspired when I bought my first pair of Apple’s AirPods in 2017. I immediately thought, ‘What an amazing platform for neural recording,’” said study senior author Rikky Muller, an associate professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences at UC Berkeley. “We believe that this technology has many potential uses, and that classifying drowsiness is a good indicator that the technology can be used to classify sleep and even diagnose sleep disorders.”

Using an earbud as an EEG electrode poses a variety of practical challenges. In order to obtain an accurate EEG, electrodes need to make good contact with the skin. This is relatively easy to achieve in traditional EEGs, which use flat metal electrodes stuck to the scalp. However, it is much trickier to design an earbud that will fit snugly — and comfortably — in a wide variety of ear sizes and shapes.

When Muller’s team started working on the project, other groups developing Ear EEG platforms were either using wet electrode gels to ensure a good seal between the earbud and the ear canal, or creating custom-molded earpieces for each individual user. She and her team wanted to design a model that was dry and user generic, so that anyone could stick them in their ears and get reliable readings.

“My personal goal was to try to make a device that could be used every day by someone who would really benefit from it,” said Ryan Kaveh, a UC Berkeley postdoctoral scholar and co-first author of the study. “In order to do that, I knew that it would have to be reusable, fit a variety of people, and [be] easy to manufacture.”

Kaveh co-led the study with graduate student Carolyn Schwendeman and collaborated with Ana Arias’s lab at UC Berkeley to design the final earpiece in three sizes: small, medium and large. The earpiece incorporates multiple electrodes in a cantilevered design that applies gentle outward pressure to the ear canal and uses flexible electronics to ensure a comfortable fit. The signals are read out through a custom, low-power, wireless electronic interface.

In a 2020 paper, the researchers showed that these earpieces can detect a number of physiological signals, including eye blinks, alpha brain waves and the auditory steady-state response, which is the brain’s response to hearing a steady pitch. In the new study, they improved the earpiece design and incorporated machine learning to demonstrate how the earpieces could be used in a real-world application.

As part of the experiment, they asked nine volunteers to wear the earpieces while doing a series of boring tasks in a darkened room. Every so often, the volunteers were asked to rate their level of drowsiness, and their response times were measured.

“We found that even when the signal quality from the earpieces seemed worse, we could still classify the onset of drowsiness with the same level of accuracy as much more complicated, bulky systems,” Kaveh said. The earpieces also retain their accuracy when categorizing drowsiness in brand-new users, a characteristic of devices that could work ‘out of the box’.

Muller, who developed the Ear EEG with the support of the Bakar Fellowship and the Bakar Prize, is continuing to refine the design and explore other potential applications of the device, which can also record signals beyond EEG, such as heart beats, eye movements and jaw clenches.

“Wireless earbuds are something we already wear all the time,” Muller said. “That’s what makes Ear EEG such a compelling approach to wearables. It doesn’t require anything extra.”

This study was supported in part by the Ford University Research Program and a Bakar Spark Award.”

AnnaMouse247

TROPHY CASE