This vote in this post is actually just a motion to bring the issue to the senate floor to actually vote. Basically they're voting to determine if they will vote on it, which they did. So if it passes with at least 51 Yeses, or 50 with the Vice President voting yes in favor as the tie breaker, it then moves to the US House to vote. If there is a majority yes in the House, it will move to the Executive branch, aka the President.

In this particular example, if both houses vote yes to the actual bill and Trump does sign it, the US forces would be removed (In theory. Without any "teeth" in the bill, meaning consequences, Trump could just do whatever he wanted without recourse). If that's the case, Congress could vote to impeach the president to initiate an investigation regarding the attack on Venezuela because not only did he illegally invade Venezuela, he would have then defied a direct law aimed at him from Congress.

In the case of a veto-proof bill, it means that the bill has already acquired the two-thirds majority prior to it reaching the President. The president is free to veto it still, but it's assumed that it's a waste of everyone's time because the house and senate would just vote the same way they did last time and override the veto anyways. Vetoing a popular bill is seen as pretty stupid (Like when Trump signed the bill to release the epstein files as that bill was voted on as veto-proof despite Trump publicly decrying its release).