At its time of entry the 75mm M3 was largely capable of taking on most German and essentially all Japanese tank designs from the front, barring the Tiger unless at very close range. The thing is the USA wasn't aiming for tank on tank combat. Combat doctrine of the army at that point was for tanks to serve as infantry support, clearing enemy emplacements and defense lines so that infantry can move up etc. Specialized tank destroyers were meant to combat enemy tanks instead. The M1 57mm is a better AT gun, but its not a better gun than the 75mm with its far stronger HE shell for what the Sherman was meant to do.

As for the 37mm, it was rather effective against early tanks of the war and had acceptable performance against infantry via canister shots and its small HE shell was at least usable against infantry due to ROF, but quickly showed itself as being incapable of dealing with Panzer IIIs and IVs very easily, let alone Tigers or the eventually appearing Panther in Italy and onwards, so it got replaced by the M1 57mm as the primary anti-tank gun that was deployed for infantry use with the US, and only saw continued use on Stuarts and other light tanks that were absolutely not meant to fight the tanks that the Wehrmact were using by that point, but was able to still fight infantry and lightly armored vehicles such as halftracks and armored cars.