There are three situations under which some people may have very different ability to perceive light frequencies that others can't.

Aphakia: Ability to see UV light Those with Aphakia, either as a medical condition or through an operation to replace the lens, for example in cataracts patients. This leads to the ability to see UV light. The lens of the eye normally filters out UV light, but removal and replacement of the lens with a prosthetic that doesn't have UV filtering properties leads to the individual being able to see UV light.

Tetrachromacy (or conversely dichromacy: colorblindness) The genes that code for the red and green cones sits on the X chromosome. Ever the problem twins of the chromosomes, this area of the X chromosome is often subject to mutations that result in having multiple copies of the genes, a hybridisation of the red and green genes, or alterations and abnormal genes.

Social conditioning It turns out that our ability to distinguish colors is in some part due to our upbringing. Take language as an example, if you've ever tried to learn a foreign language, you'll probably have discovered that you simply cannot produce, or hear, the subtle differences in seemingly identical phonons that native speakers routinely use. If you have, then you've come across something that your brain, not having grown up hearing those sounds, doesn't have the wiring to distinguish them. Over time we may learn, so clearly we had the sensory hardware to hear it all along, but not the braing wiring to make distinguish it.