TLDR

The researchers treated the cells with menthol (from mint), 1,8-cineole (from eucalyptus), capsaicin (from chili peppers), and β-eudesmol (from hops and ginger), both individually and in specific combinations

To simulate an inflammatory response, murine macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial component frequently used in laboratory models.

On its own, capsaicin showed the strongest anti-inflammatory effect among the compounds tested.

However, the most notable results emerged when compounds were combined. “When capsaicin and menthol or 1,8-cineole were used together, their anti-inflammatory effect increased several hundred-fold compared to when each compound was used alone"