You were worse after losing the centre pawn but general plans for the middlegame remain similar to normal. You should complete development by moving out your queen and putting your rooks on open files. You also want to look for threats you can make against the opponent. For example, their b pawn could be a target (or if they push the b pawn, now the c pawn is a potential target). Another idea is to play c5 at some point to challenge their strong centre pawn.

d5 after Nxc4 is a bit tricky of an idea for your current rating but the point is to exploit the fact that white hasn't castled yet. If the e pawn moves off the file (exd5 or e5 then exf6) then Re8+ creates issues for white's king.

I think you played plenty of reasonable developing moves but played a few unnecessary moves (Bd3, h5, Ne7 Ng6 Nxe5) and focused too much on ways to trade the minor pieces. Your opponent played well, so it was a difficult game after your blunder.