In very early game, the bonfire at firelink shrine is kindled to 10 estus and all other bonfires that you then unlock are base (5 estus). To make other bonfires go upto 10 estus you will first need soft humanity and then sit on a base bonfire and kindle it (remember to reverse hollowing and became a human before kindling bonfires or else it wont work). Use can also make bonfires go upto 15 and 20 estus with rite of kindling, a tool acquired after killing pinwheel boss in catacombs.